1.
Moy, F M; Atiya, A S
A worksite wellness program in Kuala Lumpur baseline characteristics Journal Article
In: International Medical Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 2004.
@article{RN802,
title = {A worksite wellness program in Kuala Lumpur baseline characteristics},
author = {F M Moy and A S Atiya},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {International Medical Journal},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2.
Ahmad, H; Ayu, Mas; Rawiyah, R
Attitudes of Paramedics Towards Mentally Ill Patients Journal Article
In: Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 25-31, 2004, ISSN: 0128-8628.
@article{RN800,
title = {Attitudes of Paramedics Towards Mentally Ill Patients},
author = {H Ahmad and Mas Ayu and R Rawiyah},
issn = {0128-8628},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {25-31},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
3.
Chew, Y K; Reddy, S C; Karina, R
Awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases among the academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University of Malaya Journal Article
In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 305-11, 2004, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283.
@article{RN16067,
title = {Awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases among the academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University of Malaya},
author = {Y K Chew and S C Reddy and R Karina},
issn = {0300-5283 (Print)
0300-5283},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Med J Malaysia},
volume = {59},
number = {3},
pages = {305-11},
abstract = {A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and refractive errors) among 473 academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University Malaya. The awareness of cataract was in 88.2%, diabetic retinopathy in 83.5%, refractive errors in 75.3% and glaucoma in 71.5% of the study population. The knowledge about all the above common eye diseases was moderate, except presbyopia which was poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that females, older people, and those having family history of eye diseases were significantly more aware and more knowledgeable about the eye diseases. Health education about eye diseases would be beneficial to seek early treatment and prevent visual impairment in the society.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and refractive errors) among 473 academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University Malaya. The awareness of cataract was in 88.2%, diabetic retinopathy in 83.5%, refractive errors in 75.3% and glaucoma in 71.5% of the study population. The knowledge about all the above common eye diseases was moderate, except presbyopia which was poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that females, older people, and those having family history of eye diseases were significantly more aware and more knowledgeable about the eye diseases. Health education about eye diseases would be beneficial to seek early treatment and prevent visual impairment in the society.
4.
Moy, F M; Gan, C Y; Zaleha, M K
Body mass status of school children and adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal Article
In: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 324-9, 2004, ISSN: 0964-7058 (Print) 0964-7058.
@article{RN14561,
title = {Body mass status of school children and adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia},
author = {F M Moy and C Y Gan and M K Zaleha},
issn = {0964-7058 (Print)
0964-7058},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Asia Pac J Clin Nutr},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {324-9},
abstract = {Lifestyle and disease patterns in Malaysia have changed following rapid economic development. It is important to find out how these changes have affected the nutritional status and health behaviour of the population, especially school children and adolescents. Therefore a survey on school children's and adolescents' health behaviours and perception in Kuala Lumpur was initiated. This paper only reports the observed body mass status of the school children. A total of 3620 school children were selected in this survey using the method of multi-stage sampling. The students were surveyed using pre-tested questionnaires while weight and height were measured by the research team in the field. Using the cut-off of BMI-for-age \>or= 95th percentile and \<5th percentile for overweight and underweight respectively, there were a total of 7.3% of overweight students and 14.8% of underweight students. When analysed by gender; 7.5% of boys and 7.1% girls were overweight, while 16.2% of the boys and 13.3% of the girls were underweight. The youngest age group (11 years old) had the highest prevalence of underweight as well as overweight. With increasing age, the prevalence of underweight and overweight decreased and more children were in the normal weight range. The overall prevalence of overweight among the three ethnic groups was similar. However the prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indian students (24.9%), followed by Malays (18.9%) and Chinese (9.5%) (P \<0.001). The results showed that both the problems of under- and over-nutrition co-exist in the capital city of Malaysia. The promotion of healthy eating and physical activities is required to address the problems of under- and over-nutrition in order to build up a strong and healthy nation in the future.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lifestyle and disease patterns in Malaysia have changed following rapid economic development. It is important to find out how these changes have affected the nutritional status and health behaviour of the population, especially school children and adolescents. Therefore a survey on school children's and adolescents' health behaviours and perception in Kuala Lumpur was initiated. This paper only reports the observed body mass status of the school children. A total of 3620 school children were selected in this survey using the method of multi-stage sampling. The students were surveyed using pre-tested questionnaires while weight and height were measured by the research team in the field. Using the cut-off of BMI-for-age >or= 95th percentile and <5th percentile for overweight and underweight respectively, there were a total of 7.3% of overweight students and 14.8% of underweight students. When analysed by gender; 7.5% of boys and 7.1% girls were overweight, while 16.2% of the boys and 13.3% of the girls were underweight. The youngest age group (11 years old) had the highest prevalence of underweight as well as overweight. With increasing age, the prevalence of underweight and overweight decreased and more children were in the normal weight range. The overall prevalence of overweight among the three ethnic groups was similar. However the prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indian students (24.9%), followed by Malays (18.9%) and Chinese (9.5%) (P <0.001). The results showed that both the problems of under- and over-nutrition co-exist in the capital city of Malaysia. The promotion of healthy eating and physical activities is required to address the problems of under- and over-nutrition in order to build up a strong and healthy nation in the future.
5.
Lua, G W; Moy, F M; Atiya, A S
Coronary heart disease risk assessment among the security staff in a public university Journal Article
In: Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29-34, 2004.
@article{RN801b,
title = {Coronary heart disease risk assessment among the security staff in a public university},
author = {G W Lua and F M Moy and A S Atiya},
url = {http://www.myjurnal.my/public/article-view.php?id=62393},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {29-34},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
6.
Quek, K F; Razack, A H; Chua, C B; Low, W Y; Loh, C S
Effect of treating lower urinary tract symptoms on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity: a one-year study Journal Article
In: Int J Urol, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 848-55, 2004, ISSN: 0919-8172 (Print) 0919-8172.
@article{RN16069,
title = {Effect of treating lower urinary tract symptoms on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity: a one-year study},
author = {K F Quek and A H Razack and C B Chua and W Y Low and C S Loh},
doi = {10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00903.x},
issn = {0919-8172 (Print)
0919-8172},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Int J Urol},
volume = {11},
number = {10},
pages = {848-55},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity following one year of follow-up. METHODS: A total of 297 patients were involved in this study. Patients were recruited into a surgical group (patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity following one year of follow-up. METHODS: A total of 297 patients were involved in this study. Patients were recruited into a surgical group (patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate
7.
Venugopalan, B; Rubiah, N A Nik; Meftahuddin, T; Ayu, M; Prema, R; Ruhaini, I; Murugan, S
Hepatitis A outbreak in Hulu Langat District, Selangor State, Malaysia during April--October 2002 Journal Article
In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 670-3, 2004, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283.
@article{RN805,
title = {Hepatitis A outbreak in Hulu Langat District, Selangor State, Malaysia during April--October 2002},
author = {B Venugopalan and N A Nik Rubiah and T Meftahuddin and M Ayu and R Prema and I Ruhaini and S Murugan},
issn = {0300-5283 (Print)
0300-5283},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Med J Malaysia},
volume = {59},
number = {5},
pages = {670-3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
8.
Bulgiba, A M
Information technology in health care--what the future holds Journal Article
In: Asia Pac J Public Health, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-71, 2004, ISSN: 1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395.
@article{RN14549,
title = {Information technology in health care--what the future holds},
author = {A M Bulgiba},
url = {http://aph.sagepub.com/content/16/1/64.full.pdf},
issn = {1010-5395 (Print)
1010-5395},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Asia Pac J Public Health},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {64-71},
abstract = {In 1998, Malaysia opened its first hospital based on the "paperless and filmless" concept. Two are now in operation, with more to follow. Telemedicine is now being used in some hospitals and is slated to be the technology to watch. Future use of technology in health care will centre on the use of centralised patient databases and more effective use of artificial intelligence. Stumbling blocks include the enormous capital costs involved and difficulty in getting sufficient bandwidth to support applications on a national scale. Problems with the use of information technology in developing countries still remain; mainly inadequate skilled resources to operate and maintain the technology, lack of home-grown technology, insufficient experience in the use of information technology in health care and the attitudes of some health staff. The challenge for those involved in this field will not be in building new "paperless and filmless" institutions but in transforming current "paper and film-based" institutions to "paperless and filmless" ones and changing the mindset of health staff. Universities and medical schools must be prepared to respond to this new wave by incorporating elements of medical/health informatics in their curriculum and assisting governments in the planning and implementation of these projects. The experience of the UMMC is highlighted as an example of the difficulty of transforming a paper-based hospital to a "paperless and filmless" hospital.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In 1998, Malaysia opened its first hospital based on the "paperless and filmless" concept. Two are now in operation, with more to follow. Telemedicine is now being used in some hospitals and is slated to be the technology to watch. Future use of technology in health care will centre on the use of centralised patient databases and more effective use of artificial intelligence. Stumbling blocks include the enormous capital costs involved and difficulty in getting sufficient bandwidth to support applications on a national scale. Problems with the use of information technology in developing countries still remain; mainly inadequate skilled resources to operate and maintain the technology, lack of home-grown technology, insufficient experience in the use of information technology in health care and the attitudes of some health staff. The challenge for those involved in this field will not be in building new "paperless and filmless" institutions but in transforming current "paper and film-based" institutions to "paperless and filmless" ones and changing the mindset of health staff. Universities and medical schools must be prepared to respond to this new wave by incorporating elements of medical/health informatics in their curriculum and assisting governments in the planning and implementation of these projects. The experience of the UMMC is highlighted as an example of the difficulty of transforming a paper-based hospital to a "paperless and filmless" hospital.
9.
Low, W Y; Ng, C J; Tan, N C; Choo, W Y; Tan, H M
Management of erectile dysfunction: barriers faced by general practitioners Journal Article
In: Asian J Androl, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 99-104, 2004, ISSN: 1008-682X (Print) 1008-682x.
@article{RN16071,
title = {Management of erectile dysfunction: barriers faced by general practitioners},
author = {W Y Low and C J Ng and N C Tan and W Y Choo and H M Tan},
issn = {1008-682X (Print)
1008-682x},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Asian J Androl},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {99-104},
abstract = {AIM: To explore the barriers faced by general practitioners (GPs) in the management of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: This was a qualitative analysis of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews involving 28 Malaysian GPs. RESULTS: GPs' perception of ED being not a serious condition was a major determinant of their prescribing practice. Doctor's age (younger), gender (female), short consultation time and lack of experience were cited as barriers. The GPs' prescribing habits were heavily influenced by the feedback from the first few patients under treatment, the uncertainty of etiology of ED without proper assessment and the profit margin with bulk purchase. Other barriers include Patients' coexisting medical conditions, older age, lower socio-economic status, unrealistic expectations and inappropriate use of the anti-impotence drugs. Cardiovascular side effects and cost were two most important drug barriers. CONCLUSION: The factors influencing the management of ED among the general practitioners were multiple and complex. An adequate understanding of how these factors (doctors, patients and drugs) interact can assist in the formulation and implementation of strategies that encourage GPs to identify and manage ED patients.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
AIM: To explore the barriers faced by general practitioners (GPs) in the management of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: This was a qualitative analysis of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews involving 28 Malaysian GPs. RESULTS: GPs' perception of ED being not a serious condition was a major determinant of their prescribing practice. Doctor's age (younger), gender (female), short consultation time and lack of experience were cited as barriers. The GPs' prescribing habits were heavily influenced by the feedback from the first few patients under treatment, the uncertainty of etiology of ED without proper assessment and the profit margin with bulk purchase. Other barriers include Patients' coexisting medical conditions, older age, lower socio-economic status, unrealistic expectations and inappropriate use of the anti-impotence drugs. Cardiovascular side effects and cost were two most important drug barriers. CONCLUSION: The factors influencing the management of ED among the general practitioners were multiple and complex. An adequate understanding of how these factors (doctors, patients and drugs) interact can assist in the formulation and implementation of strategies that encourage GPs to identify and manage ED patients.
10.
Yadav, H
Notes on Family Health Book
University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004, ISBN: 983-100-216-4.
@book{RN760,
title = {Notes on Family Health},
author = {H Yadav},
isbn = {983-100-216-4},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
publisher = {University of Malaya Press},
address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
11.
Quek, K F; Low, W Y; Razack, A H; Loh, C S; Chua, C B
Reliability and validity of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) among urological patients: a Malaysian study Journal Article
In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 258-67, 2004, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283.
@article{RN16068,
title = {Reliability and validity of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) among urological patients: a Malaysian study},
author = {K F Quek and W Y Low and A H Razack and C S Loh and C B Chua},
issn = {0300-5283 (Print)
0300-5283},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Med J Malaysia},
volume = {59},
number = {2},
pages = {258-67},
abstract = {To validate the English version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in a sample of Malaysia patients with and without urinary symptoms. Validity and reliability were studied in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and patients without LUTS. Reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Sensitivity to change was expressed as the effect size in the pre-intervention versus post-intervention score in additional patients with LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Internal consistency was excellent. A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of the 40 items with Cronbach's alpha value = 0.38 to 0.89 while the Cronbach's alpha for the total scores was 0.86. Test-retest correlation coefficients for the 40 items score were highly significant. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high (ICC=0.39 to 0.89). A high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment was observed. A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across nearly half of the items in surgical group but not in the non-LUTS group (control subjects). The STAI is reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in a sample of Malaysian patients with and without urinary symptoms.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To validate the English version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in a sample of Malaysia patients with and without urinary symptoms. Validity and reliability were studied in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and patients without LUTS. Reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Sensitivity to change was expressed as the effect size in the pre-intervention versus post-intervention score in additional patients with LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Internal consistency was excellent. A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of the 40 items with Cronbach's alpha value = 0.38 to 0.89 while the Cronbach's alpha for the total scores was 0.86. Test-retest correlation coefficients for the 40 items score were highly significant. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high (ICC=0.39 to 0.89). A high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment was observed. A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across nearly half of the items in surgical group but not in the non-LUTS group (control subjects). The STAI is reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in a sample of Malaysian patients with and without urinary symptoms.
12.
Ng, C J; Low, W Y; Tan, N C; Choo, W Y
The role of general practitioners in the management of erectile dysfunction-a qualitative study Journal Article
In: Int J Impot Res, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 60-3, 2004, ISSN: 0955-9930 (Print) 0955-9930.
@article{RN16075,
title = {The role of general practitioners in the management of erectile dysfunction-a qualitative study},
author = {C J Ng and W Y Low and N C Tan and W Y Choo},
doi = {10.1038/sj.ijir.3901141},
issn = {0955-9930 (Print)
0955-9930},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Int J Impot Res},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {60-3},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to explore the roles and perceptions of general practitioners (GPs) in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). This qualitative study used focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. This study was conducted based on 28 GPs from an urban area in Malaysia who had managed patients with ED and prescribed anti-ED drugs. Main outcome measures included the roles of GPs in managing patients with ED (active or passive), perceptions regarding ED and the treatment, and factors influencing their decision to prescribe. Majority of the GPs assumed a passive role when managing patients with ED. This was partly due to their perception of the disease being nonserious. Some also perceived ED as mainly psychological in nature. The anti-ED drugs were often viewed as a lifestyle drug with potentially serious side effects. The fear of being perceived by patients as 'pushing' for the drug and being blamed if the patients were to develop serious side effects also hampered the management of this disease. GPs who participated in this study remained passive in identifying and treating patients with ED and this was attributed to their perception of the disease, drug treatment and patient's background.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The objective of this study was to explore the roles and perceptions of general practitioners (GPs) in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). This qualitative study used focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. This study was conducted based on 28 GPs from an urban area in Malaysia who had managed patients with ED and prescribed anti-ED drugs. Main outcome measures included the roles of GPs in managing patients with ED (active or passive), perceptions regarding ED and the treatment, and factors influencing their decision to prescribe. Majority of the GPs assumed a passive role when managing patients with ED. This was partly due to their perception of the disease being nonserious. Some also perceived ED as mainly psychological in nature. The anti-ED drugs were often viewed as a lifestyle drug with potentially serious side effects. The fear of being perceived by patients as 'pushing' for the drug and being blamed if the patients were to develop serious side effects also hampered the management of this disease. GPs who participated in this study remained passive in identifying and treating patients with ED and this was attributed to their perception of the disease, drug treatment and patient's background.
13.
Moy, F M; Atiya, A S
The use of nominal group technique in promotion of healthy lifestyle Journal Article
In: Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19-21, 2004.
@article{RN803,
title = {The use of nominal group technique in promotion of healthy lifestyle},
author = {F M Moy and A S Atiya},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {19-21},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
14.
Nissapatorn, V; Lee, C; Quek, K F; Leong, C L; Mahmud, R; Abdullah, K A
Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients: a current situation Journal Article
In: Jpn J Infect Dis, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 160-5, 2004, ISSN: 1344-6304 (Print) 1344-6304.
@article{RN16070,
title = {Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients: a current situation},
author = {V Nissapatorn and C Lee and K F Quek and C L Leong and R Mahmud and K A Abdullah},
issn = {1344-6304 (Print)
1344-6304},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Jpn J Infect Dis},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {160-5},
abstract = {The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among 505 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was 226 (44.8%; 95% CI 42.64-51.76): 27 (47.4%) and 199 (44.4%) showed Toxoplasma seropositivity with and without toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), respectively (P \<0.05). The majority of these patients were in the 25-34 age group (44 versus 39%), male (86 versus 76%), and Chinese (49 versus 53%), though no statistical significance was found between the two. Significant differences between these two groups were noted, however, in terms of marital status, occupation, and present address. The heterosexual exhibited the most frequent behavior at risk for HIV infection, and accounted for 51 and 59% of patients with and without TE, respectively. Only 17/260 (6.5%) and 1/137 (0.7%) of them later acquired TE after receiving primary chemoprophylaxis (cotrimoxazole) and antiretroviral therapy including HAART (P \<0.05). Fifty-seven (11.3%) out of those 505 patients were diagnosed with AIDS-related TE. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (56%). The computed tomography scan findings showed most lesions to be multiple (96.4%), hypodense (66.7%), and in the parietal region (39.3%). Twenty-seven (47.4%) patients had chronic (latent) Toxoplasma infection as evidenced by seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma (IgG) antibody. At the time of diagnosis, the range of CD4 cell count was from 0-239 with a median of 25 cells/cumm. We also found that a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/cumm was significantly associated with development of TE (P \<0.05). Clinical outcomes showed that among those who survived, 21 (36.8%), 16 (28.1%), and 2 (3.5%) of patients had completed treatment, transferred out, and were lost to follow up, respectively. Unfortunately, 18 (31.6%) of the cases were officially pronounced dead. Overall, 7 (12.3%) patients were detected as recurrent TE in this study.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among 505 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was 226 (44.8%; 95% CI 42.64-51.76): 27 (47.4%) and 199 (44.4%) showed Toxoplasma seropositivity with and without toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), respectively (P <0.05). The majority of these patients were in the 25-34 age group (44 versus 39%), male (86 versus 76%), and Chinese (49 versus 53%), though no statistical significance was found between the two. Significant differences between these two groups were noted, however, in terms of marital status, occupation, and present address. The heterosexual exhibited the most frequent behavior at risk for HIV infection, and accounted for 51 and 59% of patients with and without TE, respectively. Only 17/260 (6.5%) and 1/137 (0.7%) of them later acquired TE after receiving primary chemoprophylaxis (cotrimoxazole) and antiretroviral therapy including HAART (P <0.05). Fifty-seven (11.3%) out of those 505 patients were diagnosed with AIDS-related TE. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (56%). The computed tomography scan findings showed most lesions to be multiple (96.4%), hypodense (66.7%), and in the parietal region (39.3%). Twenty-seven (47.4%) patients had chronic (latent) Toxoplasma infection as evidenced by seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma (IgG) antibody. At the time of diagnosis, the range of CD4 cell count was from 0-239 with a median of 25 cells/cumm. We also found that a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/cumm was significantly associated with development of TE (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes showed that among those who survived, 21 (36.8%), 16 (28.1%), and 2 (3.5%) of patients had completed treatment, transferred out, and were lost to follow up, respectively. Unfortunately, 18 (31.6%) of the cases were officially pronounced dead. Overall, 7 (12.3%) patients were detected as recurrent TE in this study.