Publications from 1990-1999

Arokiasamy, J T

Malaysia's ageing population: challenges in the new millennium Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 429-32, 1999, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

El-Amin, Abdel Latif Mohamed

Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Predictors of Childhood Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Masters Thesis

Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 1999, (Master of Public Health (Epidemiology)).

1998

Moe, Htay

Home Injuries and Prevention among children in Batu Gajah , Malaysia Journal Article

In: Journal of the Malaysian Society of Health, vol. 16, pp. 1-7, 1998.

Gan, C Y

Tobacco usage among rural Bajaus in Sabah, Malaysia Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 643-8, 1998, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562.

1997

Arokiasamy, J T

Malaysia's ageing issues Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 197-201, 1997, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

Arokiasamy, J T

Social problems and care of the elderly Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 231-7, 1997, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

Karim, H A

The elderly in Malaysia: demographic trends Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 206-12, 1997, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

1996

Moe, Htay

Epidemiology of Road Injuries In Malaysia - An Overview Proceedings Article

In: International Conference on Environment And Public Health., pp. 35-36, University of Malaya, 1996.

Arokiasamy, John T

Factors and Behaviour Concerning Coronary Heart Disease in Urban Malaysian Workers Journal Article

In: Journal of the University of Malaya Medical Centre, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-36, 1996.

Arokiasamy, J T

Microbial diseases in Malaysia: recent experiences Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 4-11, 1996, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

Sallam, A A; Latt, H M; Karim, Hamidah Abd; Teoh, S T; Nabilla, A S; Jalalludin, Raja Latifah Raja; Nyunt-U, Soe

National House Health Expenditure Survey 1996 (NHHES96) Book

Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1996.

1995

Gan, C Y

Smokeless tobacco use among rural Kadazan women in Sabah, Malaysia Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 291-6, 1995, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562.

1994

Arokiasamy, J T

Accidental poisoning: selected aspects of its epidemiology and prevention Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 109-12, 1994, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

Sinniah, B; Rajeswari, B

Blastocystis hominis infection, a cause of human diarrhea Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 490-3, 1994, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking).

Sinniah, B; Rajeswari, B; Johari, S; Ramakrishnan, K; Yusoff, S W; Rohela, M

Cyclospora sp causing diarrhea in man Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 221-3, 1994, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking).

Moe, H; Arokiasamy, J T

Knowledge and Attitude about AIDS and Drug Addiction among villagers in Tumpat District, Kelantan , Malaysia Proceedings Article

In: Sinniah, B (Ed.): The First Congress of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, pp. 197-204, Malaysian Society of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine., 1994.

Rajeswari, B; Sinniah, B; Hussein, H

Socio-economic factors associated with intestinal parasites among children living in Gombak, Malaysia Journal Article

In: Asia Pac J Public Health, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21-5, 1994, ISSN: 1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395 (Linking).

Arokiasamy, J T; Krishnan, R

Some epidemiological aspects and economic costs of injuries in Malaysia Journal Article

In: Asia Pac J Public Health, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 16-20, 1994, ISSN: 1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395.

Sinniah, D; Rajeswari, B; Harun, F; Maniam, C R

Strategy for child immunization in Malaysian plantations Journal Article

In: World Health Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 236-7, 1994, ISSN: 0251-2432 (Print) 0251-2432 (Linking).

@article{RN16114,

title = {Strategy for child immunization in Malaysian plantations},

author = {D Sinniah and B Rajeswari and F Harun and C R Maniam},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7945748},

issn = {0251-2432 (Print) 

0251-2432 (Linking)},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {World Health Forum},

volume = {15},

number = {3},

pages = {236-7},

abstract = {An outline is given of a simple cost-effective strategy aimed at the immunization of all children and pregnant women residing in the plantation sector of Malaysia. It is based on a partnership between government, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector, and is supported by UNICEF. 

A cost-effective strategy aimed at the immunization of all children and pregnant women residing in the plantation sector of Malaysia is outlined. It is based on a partnership between government, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector, and is supported by UNICEF. Over a million people reside on the Malaysian plantation estates: only 17% of the estates have their own hospitals; immunization services exist on only 1.5%; 40% of the estates are at least 5 kilometers from the nearest government health facility; and 64% lack transport for workers and their dependents to seek care away from the plantations. Two nongovernmental organizations, the Malaysian Paediatric Association and the Malaysian Society of Health, initiated discussions with the United Planting Association of Malaysia. A pilot study was undertaken by the groups on 6 estates in Selangor State, which included all the children at their first birthday. Tuberculosis, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles immunization coverages were 88%, 44%, 59%, and 66%, respectively. The association of plantations accepted the organizations' proposals for all estates to: register all births; provide free transportation to government health clinics for the immunization of all eligible children and pregnant women; and enforce immunization schedules and record-keeping. The Ministry of Health agreed to provide free immunization of children and pregnant women; send mobile teams to estates that could assemble 20 or more eligible people for immunization; provide the estates with educational materials dealing with immunization; arrange that the maintenance of the cold chain be supervised by local medical officers of health; consider the training of estate hospital assistants with the help of the nongovernmental organizations. The total immunization plan was launched in September 1990. A manual was distributed to the estate managers, hospital assistants on the estates, and the medical officers who would implement and monitor the program. It is expected that total child immunization will be achieved in the foreseeable future in the estate sector. 

eng},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

An outline is given of a simple cost-effective strategy aimed at the immunization of all children and pregnant women residing in the plantation sector of Malaysia. It is based on a partnership between government, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector, and is supported by UNICEF.
A cost-effective strategy aimed at the immunization of all children and pregnant women residing in the plantation sector of Malaysia is outlined. It is based on a partnership between government, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector, and is supported by UNICEF. Over a million people reside on the Malaysian plantation estates: only 17% of the estates have their own hospitals; immunization services exist on only 1.5%; 40% of the estates are at least 5 kilometers from the nearest government health facility; and 64% lack transport for workers and their dependents to seek care away from the plantations. Two nongovernmental organizations, the Malaysian Paediatric Association and the Malaysian Society of Health, initiated discussions with the United Planting Association of Malaysia. A pilot study was undertaken by the groups on 6 estates in Selangor State, which included all the children at their first birthday. Tuberculosis, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles immunization coverages were 88%, 44%, 59%, and 66%, respectively. The association of plantations accepted the organizations' proposals for all estates to: register all births; provide free transportation to government health clinics for the immunization of all eligible children and pregnant women; and enforce immunization schedules and record-keeping. The Ministry of Health agreed to provide free immunization of children and pregnant women; send mobile teams to estates that could assemble 20 or more eligible people for immunization; provide the estates with educational materials dealing with immunization; arrange that the maintenance of the cold chain be supervised by local medical officers of health; consider the training of estate hospital assistants with the help of the nongovernmental organizations. The total immunization plan was launched in September 1990. A manual was distributed to the estate managers, hospital assistants on the estates, and the medical officers who would implement and monitor the program. It is expected that total child immunization will be achieved in the foreseeable future in the estate sector.
eng

1993

Gan, C Y; Chan, M K

A blood pressure profile of rural Kadazans and Bajaus in Sabah, east Malaysia Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 583-9, 1993, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking).

Jamail, Hajl Muhi Haji

A study of the knowledge and attitudes towards Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among upper secondary school students in the district of Limbang, Sarawak. (6.4.82-18.4.92) Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1993, (Master of Public Health).

Rushidi, Ramly

A study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among electronic factory workers in the Prai Industrial Free Trade Zone in Penang Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1993, (Master of Public Health).

Khoo, Soo Beng Alan

A study of two cholera epidemics in the district of Tawau, Sabah (1989-1991) Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1993, (Master of Public Health).

Venugopalan, Balan K

An explanatory study on some aspects of diarrhoeal disease in the Mukah District, Sarawak Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1993, (Master of Public Health).

Gan, C Y; Chin, B; Teoh, S T; Chan, M K

Nutritional status of Kadazan children in a rural district in Sabah, Malaysia Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 293-301, 1993, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking).

Isa, A R; Moe, H; Sivakumaran, S

Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among female drug abusers in Malaysia Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 124-8, 1993, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283.

@article{RN14655,

title = {Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among female drug abusers in Malaysia},

author = {A R Isa and H Moe and S Sivakumaran},

issn = {0300-5283 (Print) 

0300-5283},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

journal = {Med J Malaysia},

volume = {48},

number = {2},

pages = {124-8},

abstract = {The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among female drug abusers was determined by screening 130 new inmates of a rehabilitation centre. The majority of the subjects (77.7%) were self-confessed sex workers. A high prevalence of syphilis (50.8%), hepatitis B (52.2%), moniliasis (23.8%) and trichomoniasis (19.2%) were noted. Gonorrhoea vaginitis was seen in 8.5%, which was low compared to previous studies. Six subjects were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with 5 of them admitting to needle sharing and working as prostitutes. More than half of them harboured 2 or more STD. A rich reservoir of STD was seen among the drug abusers. With more evidence now available concerning the ease of HIV transmission associated with ulcerative STD, a stage could be set for greater heterosexual HIV transmission. As part of the rehabilitation process, female drug abusers need a thorough screening for STD followed by aggressive treatment regimens. 

PIP: Drug users may be considered to be at high risk for having sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The government of Malaysia has therefore established facilities in which they incarcerate and attempt to rehabilitate such individuals. 5472 drug users had been imprisoned in the country's fourteen facilities by the end of 1991. Since 97.8% of drug users in Malaysia are male, only on facility exists for female users. The authors determined and report the prevalence of STDs among 130 new female resident drug users at the facility. The women were admitted over the period May 1989-July 1991, and 104 were IV-drug users. They were aged 18-44 years, with 87.7% in the 20-40-year range. Further, 77.7% were sex workers and 13.1% were salaried workers in other fields. 50.8% had syphilis, 52.2% hepatitis B, 23.8% moniliasis, 19.2% trichomoniasis, and 8.5% gonorrhea vaginitis. 6 were HIV-seropositive, of whom 5 admitted to needle sharing and prostitution. More than half of the women were infected with 2 or more STDs. STDs were not found in 14.6% of subjects, however, even though 10 acknowledged being sex workers. Given the high prevalence of STDs in this population and the ease of HIV transmission with ulcerative STDs, the authors recommend that incarcerated female drug users be routinely screened and treated for STDs as part of their rehabilitation program. 

eng},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among female drug abusers was determined by screening 130 new inmates of a rehabilitation centre. The majority of the subjects (77.7%) were self-confessed sex workers. A high prevalence of syphilis (50.8%), hepatitis B (52.2%), moniliasis (23.8%) and trichomoniasis (19.2%) were noted. Gonorrhoea vaginitis was seen in 8.5%, which was low compared to previous studies. Six subjects were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with 5 of them admitting to needle sharing and working as prostitutes. More than half of them harboured 2 or more STD. A rich reservoir of STD was seen among the drug abusers. With more evidence now available concerning the ease of HIV transmission associated with ulcerative STD, a stage could be set for greater heterosexual HIV transmission. As part of the rehabilitation process, female drug abusers need a thorough screening for STD followed by aggressive treatment regimens.
PIP: Drug users may be considered to be at high risk for having sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The government of Malaysia has therefore established facilities in which they incarcerate and attempt to rehabilitate such individuals. 5472 drug users had been imprisoned in the country's fourteen facilities by the end of 1991. Since 97.8% of drug users in Malaysia are male, only on facility exists for female users. The authors determined and report the prevalence of STDs among 130 new female resident drug users at the facility. The women were admitted over the period May 1989-July 1991, and 104 were IV-drug users. They were aged 18-44 years, with 87.7% in the 20-40-year range. Further, 77.7% were sex workers and 13.1% were salaried workers in other fields. 50.8% had syphilis, 52.2% hepatitis B, 23.8% moniliasis, 19.2% trichomoniasis, and 8.5% gonorrhea vaginitis. 6 were HIV-seropositive, of whom 5 admitted to needle sharing and prostitution. More than half of the women were infected with 2 or more STDs. STDs were not found in 14.6% of subjects, however, even though 10 acknowledged being sex workers. Given the high prevalence of STDs in this population and the ease of HIV transmission with ulcerative STDs, the authors recommend that incarcerated female drug users be routinely screened and treated for STDs as part of their rehabilitation program.
eng

Thavamalaar, Ganason

Three year review of all registered diabetic patients and the study of knowledge and practice of 255 diabetic attendees of the diabetic clinic in General Hospital, Kelang 1992 Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1993, (Master of Public Health).

Gan, C Y; Yusof, K

Utilization of maternal and child health facilities by the urban poor of Kuala Lumpur Journal Article

In: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 302-6, 1993, ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking).

Epidemiology of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever in Malaysia--a retrospective epidemiological study 1973-1987. Part I: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) Journal Article

1992

Shekhar, K C; Huat, O L

In: Asia Pac J Public Health, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 15-25, 1992, ISSN: 1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395 (Linking).

Gan, Chong-Ying

Promoting Child Survival in Rural Districts in East Malaysia Journal Article

In: Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 2, no. 2sup, pp. 229-232, 1992, ISSN: 0917-5040.

Khor, G L; Gan, C Y

Trends and dietary implications of some chronic non-communicable diseases in peninsular Malaysia Journal Article

In: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 159-68, 1992, ISSN: 0964-7058 (Print) 0964-7058 (Linking).

1991

Raman, Ismail

A review of notified cases of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Kuala Lumpur (1985-1990) Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1991, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN105b,

title = {A review of notified cases of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Kuala Lumpur (1985-1990)},

author = {Ismail Raman},

year = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Method: review the epidemiological aspects of dengue since the year 1985 to 1990 with more variables described for the year 1990 because of the availability of data. For this purpose, dengue notification and investigation were studied and analysed from the vector control unit, Health Department City Hall, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 1992 cases of dengue notified in Kuala Lumpur from 1985 to 1990. Dengue is endemic in Kuala Lumpur with the mean incidence rate of 28.09 cases per 100,000 population and case fatality rate was 1.19%. Result: Dengue was notified in all Health Zones in Kuala Lumpur with the Bandar Tun Razak Zone having the highest percentage that was 22.04 of all dengue cases in Kuala Lumpur from the year 1985 to 1990. The 20 - 24 years age group has the highest percentage of dengue for the six years period. The ratio of male to female was 1.17 : 1. The incidence of dengue was the highest among Chinese 64.39%, followed by the Malay 31.04%, Indian 3.18%, then other races 1.39%. Dengue fever seems to be the commonest type of dengue compared to the other two types namely, DHF and DSS. There was an obvious declining of DHF cases from the year 1985 to 1990. The aetiological result of dengue cases from 1985 to 1990 was based on HI method. Because of 2 blood samples required to get result, therefore many patients did not come back to give the second blood sample that resulted small percentage of positive cases and bigger percentage of unknown. People staying in the urban residential houses seems to have higher chances of having dengue. In the 1990 figure, it was shown that 57% of dengue cases were from urban houses followed by semideveloped area 22%, flats 12% and squatters 10%. School children has the highest incidence that was 256 cases last year (1990). Professional has the least, i.e. 9 cases. The main clinical presentations of dengue are fever 100%, petechiae 24%, ache and pain 22% and frank bleeding 4.9%. There is a definite seasonal pattern with vector density. The number of positive-containers increases whenever the rainfall was heavy. However the number of cases were less when the vector density was high and when the rainfall was heavy. The number of cases occurred more during the dry months such as July, August and September.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Method: review the epidemiological aspects of dengue since the year 1985 to 1990 with more variables described for the year 1990 because of the availability of data. For this purpose, dengue notification and investigation were studied and analysed from the vector control unit, Health Department City Hall, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 1992 cases of dengue notified in Kuala Lumpur from 1985 to 1990. Dengue is endemic in Kuala Lumpur with the mean incidence rate of 28.09 cases per 100,000 population and case fatality rate was 1.19%. Result: Dengue was notified in all Health Zones in Kuala Lumpur with the Bandar Tun Razak Zone having the highest percentage that was 22.04 of all dengue cases in Kuala Lumpur from the year 1985 to 1990. The 20 - 24 years age group has the highest percentage of dengue for the six years period. The ratio of male to female was 1.17 : 1. The incidence of dengue was the highest among Chinese 64.39%, followed by the Malay 31.04%, Indian 3.18%, then other races 1.39%. Dengue fever seems to be the commonest type of dengue compared to the other two types namely, DHF and DSS. There was an obvious declining of DHF cases from the year 1985 to 1990. The aetiological result of dengue cases from 1985 to 1990 was based on HI method. Because of 2 blood samples required to get result, therefore many patients did not come back to give the second blood sample that resulted small percentage of positive cases and bigger percentage of unknown. People staying in the urban residential houses seems to have higher chances of having dengue. In the 1990 figure, it was shown that 57% of dengue cases were from urban houses followed by semideveloped area 22%, flats 12% and squatters 10%. School children has the highest incidence that was 256 cases last year (1990). Professional has the least, i.e. 9 cases. The main clinical presentations of dengue are fever 100%, petechiae 24%, ache and pain 22% and frank bleeding 4.9%. There is a definite seasonal pattern with vector density. The number of positive-containers increases whenever the rainfall was heavy. However the number of cases were less when the vector density was high and when the rainfall was heavy. The number of cases occurred more during the dry months such as July, August and September.

Kaur, Parim Singh Ranjit

A study of risk behaviors for HIV infection among drug abusers seen at the drug ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1991, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN106b,

title = {A study of risk behaviors for HIV infection among drug abusers seen at the drug ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan},

author = {Parim Singh Ranjit Kaur},

year = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Method: A study of the risk factors for HIV infection among the drug abusers was carried out at the Drug Detection and Detoxification Ward at the General Hospital, Kota Bharu, from 10th December 1990 to 7th January 1991 comparing the IVDUs and non-IVDUs. In this descriptive study, all the subjects seen in the ward during this period were interviewed whether they were admitted to the ward or seen on an outpatient basis. Altogether 140 subjects were interviewed, using a pretested questionnaire as a study instrument. Six of the subjects were excluded from the analysis as they denied drug abuse. Of the 13 subjects, 57.5% were IVDUs and 42.5% were non - IVDUS. Result: About three-quarter (72.4 %) of the subjects were from the border towns that also had a greater proportion of the intravenous abusers. IVDUs belonged to the older age group as compared to the non-IVDUs. A higher proportion of the IVDUs was also married. Both the groups were mostly educated up to the secondary level but there was a greater proportion of employed IVDUs as compared to non-IVDUs. The subjects were generally from the lower socioeconomic group. There were twenty-four subjects (17.9 %) who were HIV infected, twenty-two of whom were IVDUs. The other two were non-IVDUs but had a history of high risk sexual activity. None of the subjects admitted to any homosexual relationships. Of the heterosexuals, 67% had risk sexual contact with prostitutes and acquaintances and two thirds of them were IVDUs. More than 809'o of the heterosexuals did not use condoms, a greater proportion of whom were IVDUs . There were more IVDUs who were HIV positive with respect to high risk sexual activity as compared to non-IVDUs. The drug most commonly abused was morphine and most of the subjects maintained their habit with their earnings. The drug supply was either obtained from dealers or through friends. The duration of intravenous drug abuse varied from one month to ten years. About sevent-four percent of the IVDUs had been doing so over the last four years since when AIDS was first reported here Twenty-two percent had began intravenous use less than six months before the interview. Three-quarters of the IVDUs shared needles and syringes mainly because of inavailability and none of them cleaned or sterilised their injecting equipment before use . The number of partners sharing injecting equipment varied from one to fifty. Of the eighty-one subjects who had other risk factors of sharing razors, toothbrushes, tatooing or blood transfusion, seventeen (21 %) were positive for HIV and posed a threat to the individuals sharing these articles with them. Eighty-nine (66.4%) of the subjects were aware of AIDS. A majority of whom were IVDUs and sharing injecting equipment of whom eighteen were HIV positive. None of the heterosexual who indulged in risk sexual activity and were aware of AIDS had changed their sexual behaviour in any way. Conclusion: Recommendations of this study are limited to the Drug Detection and Detoxication Ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan . More importantly this study provides a framework for more detailed investigations.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Method: A study of the risk factors for HIV infection among the drug abusers was carried out at the Drug Detection and Detoxification Ward at the General Hospital, Kota Bharu, from 10th December 1990 to 7th January 1991 comparing the IVDUs and non-IVDUs. In this descriptive study, all the subjects seen in the ward during this period were interviewed whether they were admitted to the ward or seen on an outpatient basis. Altogether 140 subjects were interviewed, using a pretested questionnaire as a study instrument. Six of the subjects were excluded from the analysis as they denied drug abuse. Of the 13 subjects, 57.5% were IVDUs and 42.5% were non - IVDUS. Result: About three-quarter (72.4 %) of the subjects were from the border towns that also had a greater proportion of the intravenous abusers. IVDUs belonged to the older age group as compared to the non-IVDUs. A higher proportion of the IVDUs was also married. Both the groups were mostly educated up to the secondary level but there was a greater proportion of employed IVDUs as compared to non-IVDUs. The subjects were generally from the lower socioeconomic group. There were twenty-four subjects (17.9 %) who were HIV infected, twenty-two of whom were IVDUs. The other two were non-IVDUs but had a history of high risk sexual activity. None of the subjects admitted to any homosexual relationships. Of the heterosexuals, 67% had risk sexual contact with prostitutes and acquaintances and two thirds of them were IVDUs. More than 809'o of the heterosexuals did not use condoms, a greater proportion of whom were IVDUs . There were more IVDUs who were HIV positive with respect to high risk sexual activity as compared to non-IVDUs. The drug most commonly abused was morphine and most of the subjects maintained their habit with their earnings. The drug supply was either obtained from dealers or through friends. The duration of intravenous drug abuse varied from one month to ten years. About sevent-four percent of the IVDUs had been doing so over the last four years since when AIDS was first reported here Twenty-two percent had began intravenous use less than six months before the interview. Three-quarters of the IVDUs shared needles and syringes mainly because of inavailability and none of them cleaned or sterilised their injecting equipment before use . The number of partners sharing injecting equipment varied from one to fifty. Of the eighty-one subjects who had other risk factors of sharing razors, toothbrushes, tatooing or blood transfusion, seventeen (21 %) were positive for HIV and posed a threat to the individuals sharing these articles with them. Eighty-nine (66.4%) of the subjects were aware of AIDS. A majority of whom were IVDUs and sharing injecting equipment of whom eighteen were HIV positive. None of the heterosexual who indulged in risk sexual activity and were aware of AIDS had changed their sexual behaviour in any way. Conclusion: Recommendations of this study are limited to the Drug Detection and Detoxication Ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan . More importantly this study provides a framework for more detailed investigations.

Puah, Syed Amran Syed Mud

A study of various factors that influence nutritional status of orang Asli children in selected villages in Tapah, in the district of Batang Padang, Perak Darul Ridzuan Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1991, (Master of Public Health).

Isa, A R; Moe, H

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 333-7, 1991, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

Nik, A M Wan; Moe, Htay

Fireworks-Related Injuries During Hari Raya Festival Among Children in Kelantan Journal Article

In: Malaysian Journal of Child Health, vol. 58, no. Suppl, pp. 152-162, 1991.

Gan, C Y; Yap, S F; Ngeow, Y F; Wong, H C

Hepatitis B infection among Chinese STD patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal Article

In: Sex Transm Dis, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 84-8, 1991, ISSN: 0148-5717 (Print) 0148-5717.

Wong, Mee Lian; Chen, Paul CY

Self-reliance in health among village women Journal Article

In: World Health Forum, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 43-8, 1991.

@article{RN16225,

title = {Self-reliance in health among village women},

author = {Mee Lian Wong and Paul CY Chen},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859597},

year  = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

journal = {World Health Forum},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {43-8},

abstract = {A project in a remote region in Sarawak, Malaysia, in which village women were mobilized to plan and implement a kindergarten and child feeding program, illustrates the potential of carefully conceptualized community participation. Permission was obtained from village elders to train 18 mothers (all of whom has at least 4 years of education) to conduct a community needs survey. III health among children emerged as the problem of greatest concern to villagers and a health committee was formed to plan an intervention. Although a team of outside professionals was available for technical support, the emphasis from he onset was on developing self-reliance and community involvement in all decisions. To build confidence and develop leadership, a month-long participatory training course in promotive health care was organized by village health volunteers. Preparation for the project included conversion of an unused hut into a kindergarten and construction of furniture by village men, registration of preschool children, preparation of educational materials, and organization of a kitchen and duty roster for the feeding program. Project funding came from local bake sales and kindergarten subscriptions. Monitoring during the initial phase identified several problems, such as food shortages brought about by drought, some parents' inability to pay for kindergarten services, and a lack of trust in the teacher's abilities. These problems were corrected by the field team, but subsequent supervisory visits focused on teaching problem-solving skills to the local women. An evaluation conducted 1 year after program implementation revealed dramatic increases in the proportion of households producing fruits and vegetables, a higher percentage of breastfeeding mothers, and improvements in weight-for-age among kindergartners.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Faisal, Mansoor

The outpatient service utilisation pattern of Rumah Suring, Sarawak before and after the interaction of village health representative Masters Thesis

Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1991, (Master of Public Health).

1990

Johari, Mohd Ghazali Roslan

A comparative study on breastfeeding of urban and rural Malay mothers, Selangor Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

Mohd, Jusoh

A review of typhoid cases and their investigation procedures, Trengganu 1984-1988 Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

A study of knowledge attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B amongst mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur Masters Thesis

@mastersthesis{RN78q,

title = {A review of typhoid cases and their investigation procedures, Trengganu 1984-1988},

author = {Jusoh Mohd},

year = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: to review reported cases of confirmed typhoid cases in Terengganu from 1984 to 1988.The purpose of this study is to identify some of the epidemiological characteristics of investigated typhoid cases in Terengganu with emphasis on the procedures of investigation, so that some measures to improve the investigation procedures could be made. Method: The study was carried out using secondary data, in December 1989. The data was obtained from the notification form of communicable diseases and individual case investigation forms. Result: A total of 446 typhoid cases were reported during this period of study. Out of these 446 cases, 261 cases were investigated and analysed. The commonest affected age group was 5 to 34 years old with males having a higher prevalence than females (1.3 : 1.0). Malays constituted 95.0 % of the cases. Majority of the cases were confirmed by Widal test and/or with isolation of Salinonella typhi in blood, stool and urine cultures. Poor standard of environmental sanitation was observed in this study where only 21.5% of patients had safe water supply and 67.8 % used sanitary latrine in their homes. The number of typhoid cases being investigated had declined from year to year with only 31.0% of them being investigated within two days after of the receipt of notification. The source of contamination could not be determined in the majority of the cases. The investigation dealing with contacts tracing and chlorination of wells has been followed in most of the investigated cases. The average number of contacts identified and examined during contact tracing was 7.4 contacts per investigated case. Conclusion: In general, investigation procedure was not carried out properly will lead to lack of information on case characteristics and contacts, poor control and prevention, and thus will increase the occurrence of typhoid fever. Necessary action should be taken to improve the effectiveness of the prevention and control procedures of typhoid fever in Terengganu. The actions include improvement in case investigation, provision of safe water supply and sanitary latrine, detection of carriers and health education to the patient and public. Further survey should be done in future in relation to the prevalence and control of typhoid cases in Terengganu.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Objective: to review reported cases of confirmed typhoid cases in Terengganu from 1984 to 1988.The purpose of this study is to identify some of the epidemiological characteristics of investigated typhoid cases in Terengganu with emphasis on the procedures of investigation, so that some measures to improve the investigation procedures could be made. Method: The study was carried out using secondary data, in December 1989. The data was obtained from the notification form of communicable diseases and individual case investigation forms. Result: A total of 446 typhoid cases were reported during this period of study. Out of these 446 cases, 261 cases were investigated and analysed. The commonest affected age group was 5 to 34 years old with males having a higher prevalence than females (1.3 : 1.0). Malays constituted 95.0 % of the cases. Majority of the cases were confirmed by Widal test and/or with isolation of Salinonella typhi in blood, stool and urine cultures. Poor standard of environmental sanitation was observed in this study where only 21.5% of patients had safe water supply and 67.8 % used sanitary latrine in their homes. The number of typhoid cases being investigated had declined from year to year with only 31.0% of them being investigated within two days after of the receipt of notification. The source of contamination could not be determined in the majority of the cases. The investigation dealing with contacts tracing and chlorination of wells has been followed in most of the investigated cases. The average number of contacts identified and examined during contact tracing was 7.4 contacts per investigated case. Conclusion: In general, investigation procedure was not carried out properly will lead to lack of information on case characteristics and contacts, poor control and prevention, and thus will increase the occurrence of typhoid fever. Necessary action should be taken to improve the effectiveness of the prevention and control procedures of typhoid fever in Terengganu. The actions include improvement in case investigation, provision of safe water supply and sanitary latrine, detection of carriers and health education to the patient and public. Further survey should be done in future in relation to the prevalence and control of typhoid cases in Terengganu.

Devi, Sarmisda

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN77q,

title = {A study of knowledge attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B amongst mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur},

author = {Sarmisda Devi},

year = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The study aims to obtain a profile of mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur, with regards to their knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at the maternal and child health clinics in the Federal Territory. A pretested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. The study population consisted of 300 mothers of which 170 (57%) were Malays followed by 90 (30%) Chinese and 30 (13%) Indians. Result: This study shows that a large percentage of mothers did not have knowledge on the disease. Only a small number had some knowledge on the cause, signs and symptoms, spread and carriers. A larger number (70%) had knowledge on the seriousness of the disease. On the other hand, just more than half of the respondents had good knowledge on the immunisation process. Among the 3 different ethnic groups, the Chinese respondent mothers had a better knowledge of the disease and on immunisation against the disease. The Malay respondent mothers had poor knowledge on the disease but their knowledge on immunisation against the disease was satisfactory. The Indian mothers had poor knowledge on the disease and just half of them had knowledge on immunisation against the disease. The mothers appeared to have a positive attitude towards the disease. The practice of the Chinese was better when compared to that of the Malay and Indian mothers. The Chinese respondent mothers had better knowledge on the disease and on immunisation because it may not be wrong to say that they were the group at the higher risk than the other races. They may have been aware of this fact, hence more receptive to information on the disease. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had been exposed to health education. In spite of that, their knowledge on disease was not satisfactory. This could likely be due to the fact that health education on the disease was not emphasised; emphasis was on immunisation against the disease. This is not surprising as the objective of the Ministry of Health was to get maximum coverage an the immunisation of infants. Immunisation is the only way of preventing the spread of the disease. Therefore, health education should emphasize on the importance of immunisation as well as on the disease entity. This should promote better understanding and change in behaviour.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Objective: The study aims to obtain a profile of mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur, with regards to their knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at the maternal and child health clinics in the Federal Territory. A pretested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. The study population consisted of 300 mothers of which 170 (57%) were Malays followed by 90 (30%) Chinese and 30 (13%) Indians. Result: This study shows that a large percentage of mothers did not have knowledge on the disease. Only a small number had some knowledge on the cause, signs and symptoms, spread and carriers. A larger number (70%) had knowledge on the seriousness of the disease. On the other hand, just more than half of the respondents had good knowledge on the immunisation process. Among the 3 different ethnic groups, the Chinese respondent mothers had a better knowledge of the disease and on immunisation against the disease. The Malay respondent mothers had poor knowledge on the disease but their knowledge on immunisation against the disease was satisfactory. The Indian mothers had poor knowledge on the disease and just half of them had knowledge on immunisation against the disease. The mothers appeared to have a positive attitude towards the disease. The practice of the Chinese was better when compared to that of the Malay and Indian mothers. The Chinese respondent mothers had better knowledge on the disease and on immunisation because it may not be wrong to say that they were the group at the higher risk than the other races. They may have been aware of this fact, hence more receptive to information on the disease. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had been exposed to health education. In spite of that, their knowledge on disease was not satisfactory. This could likely be due to the fact that health education on the disease was not emphasised; emphasis was on immunisation against the disease. This is not surprising as the objective of the Ministry of Health was to get maximum coverage an the immunisation of infants. Immunisation is the only way of preventing the spread of the disease. Therefore, health education should emphasize on the importance of immunisation as well as on the disease entity. This should promote better understanding and change in behaviour.

Safi, Haji Ismail Ab Azizal

A study of knowledge, attitudes and practices on typhoid among secondary school students in Tumpat district, Kelantan Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

Chelladurai, Ebenezer

A study of paediatric outpatients and inpatients at Sungei petani district hospital Kedah Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

Karim, Mansor

A study of the Malaria situation in the state of Selangor (1984-1988) Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN80u,

title = {A study of the Malaria situation in the state of Selangor (1984-1988)},

author = {Mansor Karim},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The study aims to produce an epidemiological profile of Malaria cases in Selangor in a 5-year time period. Method: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study of the malaria cases from 1984 to 1988 in Selangor. During that five year period, there were 2,533 malaria cases reported. Result: The finding of this study showed that the three most affected districts are Hulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat whereby part of the.the district contained an area of forested hills, mountain and jungles. More than half of all malaria cases was detected among the aborigines (Orang Asli) who lived in these areas and moved into the forest frequently. The Malays were the main predominant ethnic group affected followed by Indians and Chinese. The malaria incidence was higher in males than females. Children below 15 years reported a higher incidence.than adult age group. There was a downward trend in malaria transmission over the five years period. This was seen by the reduction of malaria incidence from 2.7	per 10,000 population in 1984 to 1.9 per 10,000 population in l988, reduction of falciparum ratio, reduction of indigenous cases, and reduction of the malaria incidence among the children. The reasons for this improvement may be due to: (i) the strengthening of the surveillance and case detection system as shown by the improvement of ABER from 2.7% in 1984 to 4.2% in 1988, (ii) the residual DDT spraying and the implementation of the new approach in the control of active malaria transmission in malarious area. In 1987, there was a sudden increase of malaria incidence to 4.4 per 10,000 population, that is due to a variety of causes outlined. The main reason was due to an outbreak of malaria in an aboriginal settlements in the district of Hulu Selangor. The other reason is the strengthening of surveillance and case detection system. Anopheles maculatus was the main vector in Selangor and still susceptible to DDT. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this study, a few recommendations have been made to reduce the incidence of malaria in the state of Selangor.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Objective: The study aims to produce an epidemiological profile of Malaria cases in Selangor in a 5-year time period. Method: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study of the malaria cases from 1984 to 1988 in Selangor. During that five year period, there were 2,533 malaria cases reported. Result: The finding of this study showed that the three most affected districts are Hulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat whereby part of the.the district contained an area of forested hills, mountain and jungles. More than half of all malaria cases was detected among the aborigines (Orang Asli) who lived in these areas and moved into the forest frequently. The Malays were the main predominant ethnic group affected followed by Indians and Chinese. The malaria incidence was higher in males than females. Children below 15 years reported a higher incidence.than adult age group. There was a downward trend in malaria transmission over the five years period. This was seen by the reduction of malaria incidence from 2.7 per 10,000 population in 1984 to 1.9 per 10,000 population in l988, reduction of falciparum ratio, reduction of indigenous cases, and reduction of the malaria incidence among the children. The reasons for this improvement may be due to: (i) the strengthening of the surveillance and case detection system as shown by the improvement of ABER from 2.7% in 1984 to 4.2% in 1988, (ii) the residual DDT spraying and the implementation of the new approach in the control of active malaria transmission in malarious area. In 1987, there was a sudden increase of malaria incidence to 4.4 per 10,000 population, that is due to a variety of causes outlined. The main reason was due to an outbreak of malaria in an aboriginal settlements in the district of Hulu Selangor. The other reason is the strengthening of surveillance and case detection system. Anopheles maculatus was the main vector in Selangor and still susceptible to DDT. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this study, a few recommendations have been made to reduce the incidence of malaria in the state of Selangor.

Arumugam, Lingam

A study on some aspects of the epidemiology of the sezually transmitted diseases in Malaysia from July 1986 to December 1986 Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN87k,

title = {A study on some aspects of the epidemiology of the sezually transmitted diseases in Malaysia from July 1986 to December 1986},

author = {Lingam Arumugam},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological profile of STDs in Malaysia, with regards to disease incidence, sociodemography characteristics and treatment seeking behaviour. Introduction (if necessary): A total of 4454 STD cases were reported during the six months period from lst July, 1986 to 31st December, 1986. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak reported 70.5%, 17.1% and 10.5% of the cases respectively. The Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur alone accounted for 32.7% of the cases. The results showed that the incidence of STDs in 1986 for Malaysia was 54.2/100,000 population. It was 46.2, 116.6, 60.4 per 100,000 population respectively, in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Result: The commonest STD was gonorrhoea accounting for 65.5% of the cases, followed by syphilis (15.1%), NSU (9.7%), genital herpes (2.7%), chancroid (1.5%) and mixed infections (4.7%T. The results showed that the incidence of the various STDs in Malaysia in 1986 was 37.0, 8.5, 6.7, 2.0, 0.8 and 0.5 per 100,000 population for gonorrhoea, syphilis, NSU, genital. herpes, chancroid and venereal warts respectively. The incidence of gonorrhoea in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak were 28.2, 101.1 and 50.3 per 100,000 population respectively, Sabah having 4 times the national rate and Sarawak slightly less than twice. The laboratory confirmed cases of PPNG in the Social and Hygiene Clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and the Skin Department of the General Hospital of Seremban were 11.7%, 7.5% and 61% respectively. The incidence of syphilis was 9.1, 4.1 and 6.9 per 100,000 population in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. At least 61% of the cases were infectious. The incidence of NSU was 9.5, 6.9, and 1.7 per 100,000 population respectively in Sabah. Peninsular Mal aysia and Sarawak. The male:female ratio was greater than 7.4:1 in all the types of STDs except for syphilis where the ratio was 2.5:1. In Peninsular Malaysia, the incidence of STDs was found to be highest among the Indians (81.6/100,000) followed by the Chinese (33.9/100,000) and Malays (27.5/100,000). Most of the cases were found among the 25-29 year old males (28.9%) and in the 20-24 year old among the females (28.4%). The study showed that 65% of the males and 68.9% of the infected females come from the 20-34 year age group. Among the males the incidence was highest among the labourers (17.7%) and sales personnels (12.4%). Among the females the incidence was highest among the housewife (53.2%) and prostitute (15.0%). The results showed 53.9% and 75% of the males and females were exposed to STD infection for the first time respectively. Four or more episodes of STD infections were reported in 8.6% of males and 6.8% of female patients. Prostitutes and spouses were the main source of infection in the males (82.3%) and females (63.3%) respectively. The infection was acquired in 79% of the cases from within Malaysia, 12.6% from Thailand and the rest mainly from the other South East Asian countries. The government and private sector treated 53.2% and 46.2% of the reported cases respectively. 40.5% were treated clinically while 58.8% were confirmed by laboratory methods. In the treatment of gonorrhoea, in both the PPNG and non PPNG strains, Kanamycin was widely used (54.9% and 46.5% respectively). For the treatment of syphilis and chancroid, Penicillin was used in 74.7% and Tetracycline group in 77.6% of the cases respectively. In NSU 84.4% were treated with the Tetracycline group of drugs. Only 59.7% of the patients responded well to treatment while in 31.1% the response to treatment was not known. In non gonococcal urithritis, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chancroid good clinical response to treatment was seen in 86.1%, 69.5%, 38.9% and 31.9% of the cases respectively. 83.3% of the patient received health education. In 19.3% of the cases contact tracing was undertaken.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological profile of STDs in Malaysia, with regards to disease incidence, sociodemography characteristics and treatment seeking behaviour. Introduction (if necessary): A total of 4454 STD cases were reported during the six months period from lst July, 1986 to 31st December, 1986. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak reported 70.5%, 17.1% and 10.5% of the cases respectively. The Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur alone accounted for 32.7% of the cases. The results showed that the incidence of STDs in 1986 for Malaysia was 54.2/100,000 population. It was 46.2, 116.6, 60.4 per 100,000 population respectively, in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Result: The commonest STD was gonorrhoea accounting for 65.5% of the cases, followed by syphilis (15.1%), NSU (9.7%), genital herpes (2.7%), chancroid (1.5%) and mixed infections (4.7%T. The results showed that the incidence of the various STDs in Malaysia in 1986 was 37.0, 8.5, 6.7, 2.0, 0.8 and 0.5 per 100,000 population for gonorrhoea, syphilis, NSU, genital. herpes, chancroid and venereal warts respectively. The incidence of gonorrhoea in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak were 28.2, 101.1 and 50.3 per 100,000 population respectively, Sabah having 4 times the national rate and Sarawak slightly less than twice. The laboratory confirmed cases of PPNG in the Social and Hygiene Clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and the Skin Department of the General Hospital of Seremban were 11.7%, 7.5% and 61% respectively. The incidence of syphilis was 9.1, 4.1 and 6.9 per 100,000 population in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. At least 61% of the cases were infectious. The incidence of NSU was 9.5, 6.9, and 1.7 per 100,000 population respectively in Sabah. Peninsular Mal aysia and Sarawak. The male:female ratio was greater than 7.4:1 in all the types of STDs except for syphilis where the ratio was 2.5:1. In Peninsular Malaysia, the incidence of STDs was found to be highest among the Indians (81.6/100,000) followed by the Chinese (33.9/100,000) and Malays (27.5/100,000). Most of the cases were found among the 25-29 year old males (28.9%) and in the 20-24 year old among the females (28.4%). The study showed that 65% of the males and 68.9% of the infected females come from the 20-34 year age group. Among the males the incidence was highest among the labourers (17.7%) and sales personnels (12.4%). Among the females the incidence was highest among the housewife (53.2%) and prostitute (15.0%). The results showed 53.9% and 75% of the males and females were exposed to STD infection for the first time respectively. Four or more episodes of STD infections were reported in 8.6% of males and 6.8% of female patients. Prostitutes and spouses were the main source of infection in the males (82.3%) and females (63.3%) respectively. The infection was acquired in 79% of the cases from within Malaysia, 12.6% from Thailand and the rest mainly from the other South East Asian countries. The government and private sector treated 53.2% and 46.2% of the reported cases respectively. 40.5% were treated clinically while 58.8% were confirmed by laboratory methods. In the treatment of gonorrhoea, in both the PPNG and non PPNG strains, Kanamycin was widely used (54.9% and 46.5% respectively). For the treatment of syphilis and chancroid, Penicillin was used in 74.7% and Tetracycline group in 77.6% of the cases respectively. In NSU 84.4% were treated with the Tetracycline group of drugs. Only 59.7% of the patients responded well to treatment while in 31.1% the response to treatment was not known. In non gonococcal urithritis, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chancroid good clinical response to treatment was seen in 86.1%, 69.5%, 38.9% and 31.9% of the cases respectively. 83.3% of the patient received health education. In 19.3% of the cases contact tracing was undertaken.

Chong, Chee Kheong

Assessment of the knowledge and attitude of AIDS among secondary school students in the municipality of Petaling Jaya Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

Dinon, Mohamad

Certain morbidity experiences among a sample of recruits of Batch 119/89 at the Army Recruit Training Centre, Port Dickson: July-December 1989 Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

10.

Arokiasamy, J T

Communicable diseases: a continuing threat in Malaysia Journal Article

In: Med J Malaysia, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 181-6, 1990, ISSN: 0300-5283 (Print) 0300-5283 (Linking).

11.

Arokiasamy, J T

Industrialization and urbanization--the impact on health: the experience of Peninsular Malaysia Journal Article

In: J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 201-12, 1990, ISSN: 0300-8134 (Print) 0300-8134 (Linking).

12.

Shabri, Abdullah Che Mohd

Nutritional assessment of primary schoolchildren in Kemaman district, Trengganu Darul Iman Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

@mastersthesis{RN88k,

title = {Nutritional assessment of primary schoolchildren in Kemaman district, Trengganu Darul Iman},

author = {Abdullah Che Mohd Shabri},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study aims to assess the nutritional characteristics of primary schoolchildren in a rural setting. Method: A total of 482 standard-six schoolchildren in Kemaman District, Terengganu Darul Iman were studied. All of them were from ten primary schools that had been selected randomly from 34 primary schools in the district. About 78% of them were Malays and the rest were Chinese. Information on the aetiological factors were collected using guided questionnaires. Their weights were measured by a SECA platform beam balance and their heights by a microtoise. Harvard Standards were used as a standard of reference. Result: The results show that malnutrition is still a problem in the district. The Malay students had a higher percentage of malnutrition (75%) compared to the Chinese (46.7%). About two thirds of the malnutrition in both ethnic groups was due to past malnutrition. Among the Malay students, household size, live sibling, educational status of parents and income per capita seem to have an effect on the prevalence of wasting. Whereas for the Chinese students, the relationship between the various socioeconomic characteristics and wasting was not so clear cut. In terms of environmental sanitation, more of the Chinese students had access to safe water supply than the Malay. A larger percentage of the Chinese students consumed vegetables and fruits frequently and had breakfast at home than the Malays. More of the Malay students spent their pocket money on junk food, said that they practiced food taboos during illness, avoided a larger number of foods during illness and gave more reasons for the practice as compared to the Chinese.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

13.

Arokiasamy, J T

Nutritional problems of Malaysian children and approaches taken to overcome them Journal Article

In: Asia Pac J Public Health, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65-71, 1990, ISSN: 1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395.

14.

Khairi, Mohd Taibi Hj Muhd

Socio-cultural factors influencing the utilization of maternal and child health services among the orang Asli in resettlement areas, Bentong district, Pahang Darul Makmur Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

15.

Rohani, Syed Abu Bakar Sharifah

Some factors which may influence the occurrence of childhood diarrhoea in a Malay community in Kelantan Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).

16.

Jamaluddin, Ahmad

Survey of measles knowledge, attitudes and practices among mothers in Kulim district Kedah Darulaman 1989 Masters Thesis

Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 1990, (Master of Public Health).