List of Masters Dissertation

@mastersthesis{RN13n,

title = {A Comparative Study of Selected Aspects of Health Among a Malay Migrant Group and a Malay Non-Migrant Group in Mersing, Peninsular Malaysia},

author = {Ramu K R Devan},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The objective is to compare selected aspects of health between a Malay migrant group and a Malay non-migrant group in four villages in Mersing, Peninsular Malaysia. Method: This comparative study of selected aspects of health was conducted among a Malay migrant group and a Malay non-migrant group in four villages in Mersing, Peninsular Malaysia. Result: Migrant households had larger family size compared to non-migrant households. On the whole knowledge, attitude and practices of personal hygiene among the migrants appeared to be lacking as compared to the non-migrants. The child care practices among the migrants were lower as compared to the non-migrants. More non-migrant mothers were aware and practised good nutrition and antenatal care during pregnancy. Migrants resorted to modern medical treatment but some preferred the more traditional forms of treatment. Conclusion: Disparities exist between migrant and non-migrant communities in many aspects of attitudes to health as well as health practices. Imrpovement can be brought about by targetting specific communities.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN84k,

title = {A comparative study on breastfeeding of urban and rural Malay mothers, Selangor},

author = {Mohd Ghazali Roslan Johari},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN8_113,

title = {A comparison of some aspects of Child Health Services in Kuala Langat District Peninsular Malaysia and East Sipik Province, Papua New Guinea%C Kuala Lumpur},

author = {John Sairere},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study attempted to compare the child health services in the Kuala Langat district, Peninsular Malaysia to the same service in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Result: The data collection and compilation carried out by the health care system in Kuala Langat district (KLD) was more thorough and more complete than that carried out by the health care system in East Sepik Province (ESP), thus making comparison difficult. The two study areas are different in terrain, population and level of development. While facilities in KLD are partly hospital-based and partly community-based, that of ESP is more community-based. KLD had a doctor-population ratio of 1:4604. ESP had a ratio of 1:27,736. But KLD had a nursing staff to population ratio of 1:670 compared to ESP which had a ratio of 1:499. There was no programme on vector control, domiciliary care or applied nutrition. Morbidity and mortality figures were compared. Conclusion: Although it is difficult to compare the districts of Kuala Langat and East Sepik Province due to lack of data, a number of lessons learnt in the Kuala Langat District may be applicable to the East Sepik Province.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN3k,

title = {A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Study of Filariasis among two Communities in Bukit Kepong, Johor},

author = {Santokh Singh},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: To identify behavioural and cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis. Method: This study was carried out in two endemic communities (Chinese and Malays) in Bukit Kepong (Johor) to identify behavioural and cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis. The study area is approximately 101 square miles and comprises nine villages. The local inhabitants have been re-examined and retreated for filariasis. The study sample consists of 100 Chinese and 100 Malay heads of households. Their views, responses on knowledge of filariasis, attitudes towards the control programme and circadial practices are analysed and discussed Result: The overall knowledge of filariasis was relatively better among the Malays than the Chinese. However the end stage (elephantiasis) of filariasis was better understood than the acute stage particularly among the Chinese. Although a fair number of Malays (22%) knew by its acute symptomatology it was still not a satisfactory picture. The knowledge of causation, transmission and prevention was also grossly limited in both the communities. Some Chinese still held mythological ideas to its causation. Filariasis is considered a serious disease by both the communities. Their co-operation towards the filariasis control programme was encouraging, although a majority of them in both communities were unaware of the rationale of screening and treatment. Conclusion: Knowledge of filariasis is still lacking among the Malay and Chinese communities. More work needs to be done in this area.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN167_43,

title = {A Retrospective Study of Medical Failures during Basic Commando Training in Malaysian Special Service Forces from 1970 to 1976},

author = {S Mahesan},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This study was made to determine the pattern of medical failures experienced by volunteer trainees during Basic Commando Training from 1970 to 1976. It was found that out of 1,767 trainees, 320 trainees failed due to medical reasons giving an overall medical failure rate of 18.1%. The general pattern for medical failures appears to be gradually increasing and the incidence of medical failures also showed an increase for all phases of the training program under the study period. It was found that the overall incidence rate for medical failures was: a) Higher in the older age group (27 - 30 years) and lower in the younger age groups. b) Higher in the group with 7-9 years' military service and lower in the group with 1-3 years of military service. c) Higher in the single trainees and lower in the married trainees. It was found that the three main traumatic causes of medical failures were: a) Fracture of Bones - 48 cases b) HKJ - 41 cases c) Sprain Ankles - 35 cases. The three main non-traumatic causes of medical failures were: a) Exhaustion - 73 cases b) Psychosis - 32 cases c) Malaria - 29 cases. It was found that if the three main causes of traumatic and non-traumatic causes of medical failures were analysed by age, length of service and marital status, the results were: a)	For Fracture of Bones the incidence of failures was the least in the trainees in the 23 - 26 years age group with 4 - 6 years of military service and married. b)	For HKJ the incidence of failures was least in the trainees in the 27 - 30 years age group with 7 - 9 years of military service and married. c) For Sprain Ankles the incidence of failures was least in the 27 - 30 years age group with 7 - 9 years of military service and married. d) For Exhaustion the incidence of failures was least in the trainees in the 19-22 years age group with 1 - 3 years of military service and single. e) For Psychosis the incidence of failures was least in the trainees in the 27-30 years age group with 7 - 9 years of military service and married. f)	For Malaria the incidence of failures was least in the trainees in the 27-30 years age group with 4 - 6 years of military service and married. The conclusion that can be drawn was the incidence of medical failures due to the three main traumatic causes depends on the length of military service which was the most important deciding factor followed by marital status and age. The conclusion that was for the incidence of medical failures due to the three main non-traumatic causes depends on the age and length of military service followed by marital status which were the deciding factors in that order.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN155_77,

title = {A Retrospective Study of the Morbidity Experience among Troops in a Malaysian Infantry Battalion using the Existing Medical Record System from 1973- 1975},

author = {Menjit Singh},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to study the changes in morbidity patterns in the different climatic settings among members of the Armed forces. The average incidence rate for spells of sickness of all types per month for other ranks was three times greater than that for officers. 1.99 man-days per 1000 available man-days was lost due to hospital and A.F.S.Q. admissions. The author suggested a Central Records Office be established to monitor the health status of Armed Forces personnel with a revised BAT.F.30 form and improved diagnostic procedures.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN105b,

title = {A review of notified cases of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Kuala Lumpur (1985-1990)},

author = {Ismail Raman},

year  = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Method: review the epidemiological aspects of dengue since the year 1985 to 1990 with more variables described for the year 1990 because of the availability of data. For this purpose, dengue notification and investigation were studied and analysed from the vector control unit, Health Department City Hall, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 1992 cases of dengue notified in Kuala Lumpur from 1985 to 1990. Dengue is endemic in Kuala Lumpur with the mean incidence rate of 28.09 cases per 100,000 population and case fatality rate was 1.19%. Result: Dengue was notified in all Health Zones in Kuala Lumpur with the Bandar Tun Razak Zone having the highest percentage that was 22.04 of all dengue cases in Kuala Lumpur from the year 1985 to 1990. The 20 - 24 years age group has the highest percentage of dengue for the six years period. The ratio of male to female was 1.17 : 1. The incidence of dengue was the highest among Chinese 64.39%, followed by the Malay 31.04%, Indian 3.18%, then other races 1.39%. Dengue fever seems to be the commonest type of dengue compared to the other two types namely, DHF and DSS. There was an obvious declining of DHF cases from the year 1985 to 1990. The aetiological result of dengue cases from 1985 to 1990 was based on HI method. Because of 2 blood samples required to get result, therefore many patients did not come back to give the second blood sample that resulted small percentage of positive cases and bigger percentage of unknown. People staying in the urban residential houses seems to have higher chances of having dengue. In the 1990 figure, it was shown that 57% of dengue cases were from urban houses followed by semideveloped area 22%, flats 12% and squatters 10%. School children has the highest incidence that was 256 cases last year (1990). Professional has the least, i.e. 9 cases. The main clinical presentations of dengue are fever 100%, petechiae 24%, ache and pain 22% and frank bleeding 4.9%. There is a definite seasonal pattern with vector density. The number of positive-containers increases whenever the rainfall was heavy. However the number of cases were less when the vector density was high and when the rainfall was heavy. The number of cases occurred more during the dry months such as July, August and September.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN78q,

title = {A review of typhoid cases and their investigation procedures, Trengganu 1984-1988},

author = {Jusoh Mohd},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: to review reported cases of confirmed typhoid cases in Terengganu from 1984 to 1988.The purpose of this study is to identify some of the epidemiological characteristics of investigated typhoid cases in Terengganu with emphasis on the procedures of investigation, so that some measures to improve the investigation procedures could be made. Method: The study was carried out using secondary data, in December 1989. The data was obtained from the notification form of communicable diseases and individual case investigation forms. Result: A total of 446 typhoid cases were reported during this period of study. Out of these 446 cases, 261 cases were investigated and analysed. The commonest affected age group was 5 to 34 years old with males having a higher prevalence than females (1.3 : 1.0). Malays constituted 95.0 % of the cases. Majority of the cases were confirmed by Widal test and/or with isolation of Salinonella typhi in blood, stool and urine cultures. Poor standard of environmental sanitation was observed in this study where only 21.5% of patients had safe water supply and 67.8 % used sanitary latrine in their homes. The number of typhoid cases being investigated had declined from year to year with only 31.0% of them being investigated within two days after of the receipt of notification. The source of contamination could not be determined in the majority of the cases. The investigation dealing with contacts tracing and chlorination of wells has been followed in most of the investigated cases. The average number of contacts identified and examined during contact tracing was 7.4 contacts per investigated case. Conclusion: In general, investigation procedure was not carried out properly will lead to lack of information on case characteristics and contacts, poor control and prevention, and thus will increase the occurrence of typhoid fever. Necessary action should be taken to improve the effectiveness of the prevention and control procedures of typhoid fever in Terengganu. The actions include improvement in case investigation, provision of safe water supply and sanitary latrine, detection of carriers and health education to the patient and public. Further survey should be done in future in relation to the prevalence and control of typhoid cases in Terengganu.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN9i,

title = {A study of Admissions by the Accident and Emergency Unit and some of its Related Services%I University of Malaya},

author = {R Paramalingam},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: To study the admissions by the Accident and Emergency Unit in the General Hospital, Malacca. Method: A two week study was carried out on the accident and emergency admissions to the General Hospital, Malacca Result: 30.7% of all patients seen at the A \& E unit were admitted. Majority of the admissions were in the younger age group, with those below 24 years predominating. Accidents, poisoning and violence were the commonest cause of admissions, followed by diseases of the digestive system. Males and females have the highest admissions due to accidents, poisoning and violence and this is also the commonest cause of admissions in all the ethnic groups. The Medical Unit has the highest admissions (35.4%) followed by the Orthopaedic Unit (23.4%). Conclusion: Only one third of all patients seen in the Accident and Emergency Unit need ot be admitted. The majority of cases can be seen as outpatients.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN162_39,

title = {A study of Drug Addicts in a Rehabilitation Centre},

author = {Hematram Yadav},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {A study of drug addicts undergoing Therapeutic Community approach at the Help Centre (Pusat Pertolongan) in Batu Gajah was carried out. Keeping in mind the various limitations of the study the following findings were obtained. It was found that majority of the addicts were Chinese, and Malays were next in order with a few Indians and Ceylonese. Majority the addicts in this Centre were between twenty-one to twenty-five years of age. All except one had not been to school and most of them spoke English. Majority of them had been to school till M.C.E. Though most of them had been to school they were poorly employed though there were a few from rich families. 43.3% of them had large families ranging from seven to nine children and 89.8% grew up with their parents till they were sixteen years of age. Yet drug addiction was common in this group. The reasons why they took to drugs were mainly curiosity and experience and some mentioned friends and peer group pressure as a cause. Most of the respondents had started drugs by smoking marihuana and progressed to heroin. Thus the most popular drug amongst them was heroin followed by marihuana, morphine, opium and mandrax. Among this group, smoking was the most popular method of consumption of the drug/ drugs. Majority of them who smoked heroin, smoked it more than five times per day. Those who took other drugs like marihuana and morphine smoked less than five times a day. The addicts enjoyed taking the drugs either late at night, i.e. 9.00 p.m. to midnight or between 4.00 a.m. to 6.00 a.m. Some of them enjoyed taking the drugs at both these times. Cigarette smoking was common amongst them, though they were not heavy smokers. They preferred to smoke cigarettes only when "spiked" with drugs. Majority did not drink alcohol when addicted to drugs. They preferred drugs to alcohol. Those who drank alcohol also preferred to take drugs with alcohol. Since majority of them came from low income groups they had other means to support their drug addiction. Majority of them supported their addiction by resorting to crime such as stealing, gambling, extortion and pushing drugs. Most of them had been arrested by police for various reasons. Some of them had been arrested more than once. The addicts had also tried several other forms of treatment before coming to the Help Centre. Majority of them found that the various forms of treatment available were not satisfactory to them. As a last resort they came to Help Centre (Pusat Pertolongan). Majority of them came for treatment because of family pressure and some replied that they could not afford drugs. Each of the addicts also had several friends who were addicted but not undergoing treatment. An average of fifteen friends was calculated for each addict. Some of the addicts though undergoing this treatment were not sure of themselves whether they could stop drugs after leaving this centre.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN168i,

title = {A Study of Immunisation Status of Infants attending the Maternal and Child Health Clinics of the Dewan Bandaraya, 1977},

author = {George Jessie},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {In this dissertation, the immunisation status and factors affecting the immunisation coverage of the infants attending the six Maternal and Child Health Clinics of the Dewan Bandaraya were studied. From the six Maternal and Child Health Clinics of the Dewan Bandaraya, a random sample of 360 infants was selected to form the study sample. Every infant selected in the study was home-visited during a period of about one and a half months to obtain data for the study. It is observed from the study that the clinics serve all the major races in the country. The lower and the lower middle socioeconomic groups are the ones who utilise most of the services provided. The study reveals that 79% of the infants who attend the clinics complete their immunisation. It is found that there is no significant relationship between ethnic groups, sex, age of first visit and education level of the parents and the status of immunisation. Parity and occupation of the parents show a significant association with the immunisation status. Infants whose parents hold jobs requiring lower education levels, earn lower salaries and are of lower social status are less likely to complete their immunisation, and the immunisation status is also lower in those infants who have more than two siblings. Among the immunisations given at the six clinics, triple antigen and poliomyelitis vaccinations have the best coverage, then B.C.G. (95%) and smallpox (83%). The most common reason (53%) given for not completing immunisation is that the child is sick on the due date. Most of the infants (54%) who have completed their immunisation did so because they were advised to do so by the medical staff, thus emphasising the importance of health education. This study shows that completion rates of primary immunisation in the Dewan Bandaraya Maternal and Child Health Clinics during the year 1977 is satisfactory. Immunisation coverage in infants in Malaysia can be improved by better health education of the parents, organising more creches which are visited regularly by health teams, setting up of a central immunisation register and by giving priority to family planning programmes so that every infant's health need can be provided.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN143_53,

title = {A Study of Infant Mortality from BADIS Records: Pulau Pinang, West Malaysia 1973},

author = {Cheow Pheng Lee},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Births and Deaths Intelligence Service (BADIS) compiled records of births and deaths of mothers and children. The author used BADIS to study infant mortality in Pulau Pinang in particular to mortality identify high risk factors of infant and to obtain indices for evaluating the progress of maternal and child health programme in the state.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN75k,

title = {A study of initial medical board records of hypertensive cases in the Malaysian Armed forces 1983-1987},

author = {Suleiman Adlina},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN182,

title = {A Study of Inpatients of the Banting District Hospital},

author = {Mu Tha Mu},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The main objective of this study is to observe the disease pattern of the inpatients of Banting District Hospital which is located in one of the most prosperous states of Peninsular Malaysia. At the same time, the utilization pattern of the hospital can be seen by its bed occupancy rate and length of stay of inpatients. The other characteristics of inpatients such as age, sex, race, time of admission and distance travelled were studied. A sample of 908 inpatients were chosen from the year 1978 for this study. For bed occupancy rate, the calculation was based on a two-week period, from 30th November to 13th December 1979. The ratio of inpatient to outpatient was 1:10 and the sex distribution was 32.3% for male patients and 67.7% for female patients. The distance travelled by inpatients from all parts of the district ranged from less than one mile to 39 miles. But the most frequent visits were made from those patients living around 1-4 miles of the hospital. The disease classification which was based on the World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases (Seventh Revision, 1955), showed that the common causes of admission to Banting District Hospital were as follows - deliveries, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium 49.3%, "accidents, poisonings and violence" 12.8%, disease of digestive system 9.1%, disease of genitourinary system 5.3% and disease of respiratory system 4.6%. Due to lack of information, the correlation of occupational group and social class of inpatients to the disease patterns could not be carried out. The average length of stay, in 1978, of a patient in the hospital was 4.8 days. The longest staying patients were those with diseases of the circulatory system 11.2 days, congenital malformations 11 days, diseases of the skin and cellular tissues 10.5 days. The average bed occupancy rate for the whole hospital was 55%. The maternity ward had a bed occupancy rate of 64% while the male ward had a 62% bed occupancy rate. The study on the time of admission reveals the most of the obstetric cases were admitted during the morning between 7.00 to 10.00 a.m. and for other causes of admissions, several peaks of admissions were seen, that is, between 10.00-11.00 a.m., 2.00 -3.00 p.m., and just before midnight. This can be a useful piece of information for hospital administrators when allocating their staff to increase the efficiency of the hospitals.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN169b,

title = {A Study of Inpatients of the Kuantan General Hospital},

author = {Jon Lan Choong},

year  = {1979},

date = {1979-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This is a study of the characteristics of a sample of inpatients of the Kuantan General Hospital. The main purpose of the study is to see how present resources of the hospital are utilized and whether utilized effectively. The two main criteria for assessing hospital efficiency and output, the bed occupancy rate and the length of stay, have been studied. In addition, some of the characteristics of the inpatients with respect to their age, sex, race, distance of stay, occupations and morbidity patterns have been examined. A sample of 389 inpatients of 1977 was chosen for the study. In the study on the bed occupancy rate, all patients staying in the wards during a two-week period from 7th December 1978 to 20th December 1978 have been included in the study. The ratio of inpatients to outpatients in the Kuantan General Hospital corresponds to the average for the country which is approximately 9%. The sexes of the patients admitted have been found to be proportional to those in the community except for the age group 21 to 30 years where there are more female patients. Patients were divided according to occupational groupings into government employees, private employees (including self-employed), students and unemployed. It has been found that more than 50% of the patients are unemployed, a figure very much higher than the National unemployment figures of 6.9% for Malays, 7.2% for Chinese and 12.2% for Indians. The distance of stay did not appear to affect the decision of patients to seek treatment at the hospital as much as one would expect. Although the majority of patients came from near the hospital, there were 13% of patients who stayed more than 50 miles away. This is probably due to the fact that the Kuantan General Hospital is the only general hospital in the State of Pahang. "Accidents, poisoning and violence" is the main cause of admission to the Kuantan General Hospital. Other major causes include "diseases of the digestive system" and "infective and parasitic diseases" respectively. The average length of stay of patients was found to be 6.8 days, which compares favourably with other hospitals where the length of stay is between seven and ten days. Within three days, nearly half of the patients (49.1%) have been discharged and within a week, as many as 73.3% have been discharged. The longest staying patients have been the orthopaedic patients with an average length of stay of 16.3 days. Patients in the fourth decade of life stay the longest, with an average length of stay of 10.8 days. For the bed occupancy rate, second class wards have the highest rate of 75.8% followed by third class wards with 66.6% and first class wards with 31.6%. The third class occupancy rate was found to be lower due to the inclusion of the chronic wards which have fewer patients. The surgical and paediatric units are found to have the highest bed occupancy rates of 87.5% and 87.4% respectively. More beds are suggested for the paediatric unit while the congestion in the surgical wards may be helped by the introduction of convalescent homes.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN77q,

title = {A study of knowledge attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B amongst mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur},

author = {Sarmisda Devi},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The study aims to obtain a profile of mothers attending maternal and child health clinics in Kuala Lumpur, with regards to their knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at the maternal and child health clinics in the Federal Territory. A pretested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. The study population consisted of 300 mothers of which 170 (57%) were Malays followed by 90 (30%) Chinese and 30 (13%) Indians. Result: This study shows that a large percentage of mothers did not have knowledge on the disease. Only a small number had some knowledge on the cause, signs and symptoms, spread and carriers. A larger number (70%) had knowledge on the seriousness of the disease. On the other hand, just more than half of the respondents had good knowledge on the immunisation process. Among the 3 different ethnic groups, the Chinese respondent mothers had a better knowledge of the disease and on immunisation against the disease. The Malay respondent mothers had poor knowledge on the disease but their knowledge on immunisation against the disease was satisfactory. The Indian mothers had poor knowledge on the disease and just half of them had knowledge on immunisation against the disease. The mothers appeared to have a positive attitude towards the disease. The practice of the Chinese was better when compared to that of the Malay and Indian mothers. The Chinese respondent mothers had better knowledge on the disease and on immunisation because it may not be wrong to say that they were the group at the higher risk than the other races. They may have been aware of this fact, hence more receptive to information on the disease. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had been exposed to health education. In spite of that, their knowledge on disease was not satisfactory. This could likely be due to the fact that health education on the disease was not emphasised; emphasis was on immunisation against the disease. This is not surprising as the objective of the Ministry of Health was to get maximum coverage an the immunisation of infants. Immunisation is the only way of preventing the spread of the disease. Therefore, health education should emphasize on the importance of immunisation as well as on the disease entity. This should promote better understanding and change in behaviour.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN6c,

title = {A Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Smoking among soldiers in a battalion of the Royal Malay Regiment, 1984},

author = {Othman Ahmad Badrus},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of cigarette smoking among soldiers in the Malaysian Armed Forces. Method: The 4th Royal Malay Regiment was selected as the study population. The study was conducted using personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Soldiers who were within the camp parameter, were considered and the study was done company by company. A total of 359 soldiers took part, giving a response rate of 42.2%. Result: The study showed that the factors which influenced a soldier to take up smoking, are the social background, level of education, parental and sibling influence, peer pressure at work, advertisement, curiosity, boredom, and anticipation of adulthood. Smoking by Army medical personnel could also be a contributory factor. About two fifths of the smokers had acquired the habit after joining the Army. Smoking was also higher among the lower ranks and younger age groups. Most of them started smoking before the age of 25 years. Conclusion: Social factors play a very important role in influencing soldiers to take up smoking. Preventive action must be done before the age of 25.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN93b,

title = {A study of knowledge, attitudes and practices on typhoid among secondary school students in Tumpat district, Kelantan},

author = {Haji Ismail Ab Azizal Safi},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN12d,

title = {A study of Malaria Cases reported in Sungai Sipit, Kuala Kangsar District %V Master of Public Health},

author = {Ariffin Anuar},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN15_299,

title = {A study of Motor Vehicle Accident Cases as seen in the Accident and Emergency Unit, University Hospital Kuala Lumpur},

author = {Sahai Madhu},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study is carried out to collect some data to project the overall situation in the Accident Emergency Unit of the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Introduction (if necessary): The increasing use of motor vehicles at a steady rate compared to the rate of development of road and other facilities, brings in another disease, that is, motor vehicle accidents, causing injury to the users and others, ultimately leading to increased death or disability. Method: The study was conducted with effect from 7th December 1984 for a period of 15 days in respect of all cases of motor vehicle accidents attending the A \& E Unit of the University Hospital. The frequency and the severity of the injury were analysed in relation to age, sex, ethnic group and occupation with the view of type of the vehicle involved in accident. Injury pattern in motor vehicle accident in general and also in relation to the vehicle was analysed. Result: A total of 218 motor vehicle accident cases attended the A \& E Unit of the University Hospital during the study period. This constituted 9.6% of the total cases reported to the A \& E Unit during this period. Drivers (67.0%) sustained more injuries than other road users such as pillion riders (11.5%) or car passengers or pedestrians (9.2%). The drivers having more than five years of driving experience (23.3%) were less involved in accidents than those having 0-5 years of experience (49.3%). Conclusion: This suggests that drivers or operators of vehicles are at more risk of injures compared to road users. More studies need to be done on the causes of motor vehicle accidents.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN74b,

title = {A study of Occupational Dermatoses in 3 leather processing factories in Selangor state and Wilayah Persekutuan},

author = {Baba Noor Aini},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN11m,

title = {A study of Otorhinolarygology Diseases among Inpatients at University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, for year 1981},

author = {Garg Rita},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The main objective of the present study is to study the causes of admission among Otorhinolaryngology in-patients and to assess the utilization of in-patient services with respect to length of stay and bed occupancy rate, at University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, for a period of one year. Method: The study population consisted of 777 Otorhinolaryngology cases discharged from the hospital during one year period from 1.1.81 31.12.81. The cases discharged include deaths, transfers, abscondances and discharges against medical advice. The data were collected from the University Hospital case records and analysed using computer. Result: This study shows majority of the admissions in children, young adults and adults (0-14 years and 15-44 years age groups). The main causes of admissions fall under diseases of respiratory system, diseases of nervous system and sense organs and neoplasm. Suppurative otitis media and chronic diseases of tonsils and adenoids were leading causes of admission for all three ethnic groups. Suppurative otitis media affected all the three groups more or less equally, while chronic diseases of tonsils and adenoids showed highest frequency in Malays followed by Indians and Chinese. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma showed a high frequency among Chinese followed by Malays. Deflected nasal septum had a higher incidence among Indians. Conclusion: Data utilized in this study are based on hospital case records, which are unfortunately biased samples with some limitations mentioned earlier. Therefore, they cannot be generalized to represent the whole population. On the other hand, careful comparison with such more studies may reveal some useful aspects of Otorhinolaryngology diseases in a local community.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN83k,

title = {A study of paediatric outpatients and inpatients at Sungei petani district hospital Kedah},

author = {Ebenezer Chelladurai},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN106b,

title = {A study of risk behaviors for HIV infection among drug abusers seen at the drug ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan},

author = {Parim Singh Ranjit Kaur},

year  = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Method: A study of the risk factors for HIV infection among the drug abusers was carried out at the Drug Detection and Detoxification Ward at the General Hospital, Kota Bharu, from 10th December 1990 to 7th January 1991 comparing the IVDUs and non-IVDUs. In this descriptive study, all the subjects seen in the ward during this period were interviewed whether they were admitted to the ward or seen on an outpatient basis. Altogether 140 subjects were interviewed, using a pretested questionnaire as a study instrument. Six of the subjects were excluded from the analysis as they denied drug abuse. Of the 13 subjects, 57.5% were IVDUs and 42.5% were non - IVDUS. Result: About three-quarter (72.4 %) of the subjects were from the border towns that also had a greater proportion of the intravenous abusers. IVDUs belonged to the older age group as compared to the non-IVDUs. A higher proportion of the IVDUs was also married. Both the groups were mostly educated up to the secondary level but there was a greater proportion of employed IVDUs as compared to non-IVDUs. The subjects were generally from the lower socioeconomic group. There were twenty-four subjects (17.9 %) who were HIV infected, twenty-two of whom were IVDUs. The other two were non-IVDUs but had a history of high risk sexual activity. None of the subjects admitted to any homosexual relationships. Of the heterosexuals, 67% had risk sexual contact with prostitutes and acquaintances and two thirds of them were IVDUs. More than 809'o of the heterosexuals did not use condoms, a greater proportion of whom were IVDUs . There were more IVDUs who were HIV positive with respect to high risk sexual activity as compared to non-IVDUs. The drug most commonly abused was morphine and most of the subjects maintained their habit with their earnings. The drug supply was either obtained from dealers or through friends. The duration of intravenous drug abuse varied from one month to ten years. About sevent-four percent of the IVDUs had been doing so over the last four years since when AIDS was first reported here Twenty-two percent had began intravenous use less than six months before the interview. Three-quarters of the IVDUs shared needles and syringes mainly because of inavailability and none of them cleaned or sterilised their injecting equipment before use . The number of partners sharing injecting equipment varied from one to fifty. Of the eighty-one subjects who had other risk factors of sharing razors, toothbrushes, tatooing or blood transfusion, seventeen (21 %) were positive for HIV and posed a threat to the individuals sharing these articles with them. Eighty-nine (66.4%) of the subjects were aware of AIDS. A majority of whom were IVDUs and sharing injecting equipment of whom eighteen were HIV positive. None of the heterosexual who indulged in risk sexual activity and were aware of AIDS had changed their sexual behaviour in any way. Conclusion: Recommendations of this study are limited to the Drug Detection and Detoxication Ward in General Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan . More importantly this study provides a framework for more detailed investigations.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN161_68,

title = {A study of the Generation, Flow and Utilization of Data in Maternal and Child Health Programme},

author = {Jaswant Singh},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This study was to find out the routine data generated by the “rural activity centres”, the data flow, the frequency of such data flow and how data were utilized by the “decision centres” as regards the maternal and child health programme.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN5i,

title = {A study of the Immunization Status of Toddlers and Pre-School Children attending the Government Clinics in Kota Baru District 1983},

author = {Seok Kheng Tan},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: To study the immunisation status of toddler snd pre-school children attending government clinics in Kota Baru District 

Method: The study was carried out by interviewing the parents/guardians concerning the child's personal data like age. ethnic group etc; the immunizations received and the date at which these immunizations were given; the parents' socioeconomic status; the number and spacing of siblings in the family; the knowledge and attitude of parents towards immunization, and whether they were informed by the health staff concerning the importance and types of immunization required for their children. 

Result: Of the 293 children, only 68% had completed their immunizations. There is a steady decrease in immunization coverage as immunization is scheduled later in life. coverage of all Only 56% of the children studied received BCG vaccination before one month of age. There is a significant regional variation in immunization coverage by health centres, ranging from 86% in sub-health centre Kedai Lalat to 52% in Main Health Centre Wakaf Cek Yeh. There is a significant relationship between family size and immunization coverage; the larger the family size, the lower the immunization coverage. A trend is noted that children whose parents are of higher socioeconomic status (as measured by parents' occupation, mother's education level, total income of parents) have higher immunization coverage. Mother's education level is the most important factor in this, being shown to be statistically significant. The knowledge about illness against which the immunizations are given apparently have no effect on immunization coverage. 

Conclusion: Immunisation coverage is still not satisfactory in Kota Baru in 1983.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN14_272,

title = {A study of the inpatients Admitted for the first time to the University Hospital, Malaysia in 1982},

author = {Woibun Marcus},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: To study admissions to the University Hospital in 1982. Method: A study of the patients admitted for the first time into the University Hospital for the year 1982 is presented. A total of 15,251 admissions were analysed. The data was derived from the computerized medical records on patients of the hospital. Readmissions and normal deliveries were excluded from the analysis. Result: The study showed that the highest number of admissions during the study period were the Chinese (43%). The Medical Unit was found to have the highest number of admissions (23.7%). The overall average length of stay per patient for the University Hospital was 8.5 days. The two leading I.C.D. major cause groups for admission were found to be Injury and Poisoning (13%) and Infectious and Parasitic Diseases(8.9%). This study revealed that the majority of the patients (70.5%) were non-referrals but presented themselves at the hospital. Conclusion: Admissions to the University Hospital in 1982 followed the expected pattern for an urban population in Malaysia.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN125c,

title = {A study of the knowledge and attitudes towards Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among upper secondary school students in the district of Limbang, Sarawak. (6.4.82-18.4.92)},

author = {Hajl Muhi Haji Jamail},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN138b,

title = {A study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among electronic factory workers in the Prai Industrial Free Trade Zone in Penang},

author = {Ramly Rushidi},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN80u,

title = {A study of the Malaria situation in the state of Selangor (1984-1988)},

author = {Mansor Karim},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The study aims to produce an epidemiological profile of Malaria cases in Selangor in a 5-year time period. Method: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study of the malaria cases from 1984 to 1988 in Selangor. During that five year period, there were 2,533 malaria cases reported. Result: The finding of this study showed that the three most affected districts are Hulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat whereby part of the.the district contained an area of forested hills, mountain and jungles. More than half of all malaria cases was detected among the aborigines (Orang Asli) who lived in these areas and moved into the forest frequently. The Malays were the main predominant ethnic group affected followed by Indians and Chinese. The malaria incidence was higher in males than females. Children below 15 years reported a higher incidence.than adult age group. There was a downward trend in malaria transmission over the five years period. This was seen by the reduction of malaria incidence from 2.7	per 10,000 population in 1984 to 1.9 per 10,000 population in l988, reduction of falciparum ratio, reduction of indigenous cases, and reduction of the malaria incidence among the children. The reasons for this improvement may be due to: (i) the strengthening of the surveillance and case detection system as shown by the improvement of ABER from 2.7% in 1984 to 4.2% in 1988, (ii) the residual DDT spraying and the implementation of the new approach in the control of active malaria transmission in malarious area. In 1987, there was a sudden increase of malaria incidence to 4.4 per 10,000 population, that is due to a variety of causes outlined. The main reason was due to an outbreak of malaria in an aboriginal settlements in the district of Hulu Selangor. The other reason is the strengthening of surveillance and case detection system. Anopheles maculatus was the main vector in Selangor and still susceptible to DDT. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this study, a few recommendations have been made to reduce the incidence of malaria in the state of Selangor.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN158u,

title = {A Study of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in the State of Negri Sembilan, 1961-1975},

author = {Amar Singh Gill},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The National Tuberculosis Control Programme was launched in 1961 and has three components \textendash training, BCG vaccination and Case-finding (including treatment). The three objectives of the programme are: (i)	Protection of at 1east 75% of the susceptible population with BCG vaccination. (ii)	Identify at least two-thirds of the infectious cases prevalent in the community. (iii)	Render 95% of those infections identified non-infectious with effective treatment. The training programme provides the various categories of skilled and trained personnel required for the proper organization and implementation of the programme. By the end of 1975, more than 5,000 people had beam trained in various aspects of the programme. No formal training in done in any of the states but the State Tuberculosis managerial Teams do give technical advice when required. The BCG vaccination programme is undoubtedly the most successful component of the programme. By the end of 1975 more than five million primary vaccinations had been performed in the country while more than 240,000 had been performed in the state of Negri Sembilan. By 1972, the target of vaccinating 75% of the eligible population had been achieved and by 1975, the programme was close to achieving the upper level (70 \textendash 90%) of the suggestion of the 9th W.H.O. expert Committee on Tuberculosis. At the national level 88.3% of the eligible population had been vaccinated as compared to 86% at the state level. Since 1973, the State has also done very well in achieving a BCG vaccination of more than 90% coverage of all newborns. The success of this programme (and its benefits) Is seen by the decline in the number of cases of childhood tuberculosis and of tuberculosis of the meninges and the central nervous system admitted to government hospitals in the country, particularly after 1969. The case-finding programme was launched in 1963 with mass miniature radiography as the main case-finding tool. As this was found to be uneconomical and the yield relatively poor, a change to direct microscopy of sputum from respiratory symptomatics was made in 1969. The National Tuberculosis Centre estimates that only about 40% of the infectious sources prevalent in the country have been discovered. Since 1974 the State of Negri Sembilan has been discovering more sputum positive cases than its estimated annual incidence but the nation as a whole falls short of this target. Unfortunately, cases are still detected in the far advanced stage (about 40% of all cases), resulting in about 10% of all sputum positive cases dying, usually within the first month of diagnosis. It was also seen that most of the cases were diagnosed by urban health facilities indicating relatively poor awareness of the disease among health centre staff. The treatment has been standardised since 1970 and is carried out at every health facility in the country. While all drugs are easily available and treatment is free, there still remains the perennial problem of treatment defaulters. Only 52% of the sputum positive cases registered in Negri Sembilan in 1970 completed treatment. This improved to 70.5% in the 1973 cohort. At the national level, only 69% of the 1973 cohort completed treatment while 17% died or abandoned treatment before their sputum vas converted to direct smear negative. The National Tuberculosis Control Programme has made satisfactory progress since 1961 but there is still room for improvement as not all the objectives set have been achieved. It is in the field of case-finding and treatment that greater efforts will be required to bring about early detection of infectious cases and the rendering of them non-infectious with effective treatment. There will probably be a significant epidemiological impact on the tuberculosis problem only after all the three objectives of the programme are achieved and sustained.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN137c,

title = {A study of two cholera epidemics in the district of Tawau, Sabah (1989-1991)},

author = {Soo Beng Alan Khoo},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN118c,

title = {A study of various factors that influence nutritional status of orang Asli children in selected villages in Tapah, in the district of Batang Padang, Perak Darul Ridzuan},

author = {Syed Amran Syed Mud Puah},

year  = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN87k,

title = {A study on some aspects of the epidemiology of the sezually transmitted diseases in Malaysia from July 1986 to December 1986},

author = {Lingam Arumugam},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological profile of STDs in Malaysia, with regards to disease incidence, sociodemography characteristics and treatment seeking behaviour. Introduction (if necessary): A total of 4454 STD cases were reported during the six months period from lst July, 1986 to 31st December, 1986. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak reported 70.5%, 17.1% and 10.5% of the cases respectively. The Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur alone accounted for 32.7% of the cases. The results showed that the incidence of STDs in 1986 for Malaysia was 54.2/100,000 population. It was 46.2, 116.6, 60.4 per 100,000 population respectively, in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Result: The commonest STD was gonorrhoea accounting for 65.5% of the cases, followed by syphilis (15.1%), NSU (9.7%), genital herpes (2.7%), chancroid (1.5%) and mixed infections (4.7%T. The results showed that the incidence of the various STDs in Malaysia in 1986 was 37.0, 8.5, 6.7, 2.0, 0.8 and 0.5 per 100,000 population for gonorrhoea, syphilis, NSU, genital. herpes, chancroid and venereal warts respectively. The incidence of gonorrhoea in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak were 28.2, 101.1 and 50.3 per 100,000 population respectively, Sabah having 4 times the national rate and Sarawak slightly less than twice. The laboratory confirmed cases of PPNG in the Social and Hygiene Clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and the Skin Department of the General Hospital of Seremban were 11.7%, 7.5% and 61% respectively. The incidence of syphilis was 9.1, 4.1 and 6.9 per 100,000 population in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. At least 61% of the cases were infectious. The incidence of NSU was 9.5, 6.9, and 1.7 per 100,000 population respectively in Sabah. Peninsular Mal aysia and Sarawak. The male:female ratio was greater than 7.4:1 in all the types of STDs except for syphilis where the ratio was 2.5:1. In Peninsular Malaysia, the incidence of STDs was found to be highest among the Indians (81.6/100,000) followed by the Chinese (33.9/100,000) and Malays (27.5/100,000). Most of the cases were found among the 25-29 year old males (28.9%) and in the 20-24 year old among the females (28.4%). The study showed that 65% of the males and 68.9% of the infected females come from the 20-34 year age group. Among the males the incidence was highest among the labourers (17.7%) and sales personnels (12.4%). Among the females the incidence was highest among the housewife (53.2%) and prostitute (15.0%). The results showed 53.9% and 75% of the males and females were exposed to STD infection for the first time respectively. Four or more episodes of STD infections were reported in 8.6% of males and 6.8% of female patients. Prostitutes and spouses were the main source of infection in the males (82.3%) and females (63.3%) respectively. The infection was acquired in 79% of the cases from within Malaysia, 12.6% from Thailand and the rest mainly from the other South East Asian countries. The government and private sector treated 53.2% and 46.2% of the reported cases respectively. 40.5% were treated clinically while 58.8% were confirmed by laboratory methods. In the treatment of gonorrhoea, in both the PPNG and non PPNG strains, Kanamycin was widely used (54.9% and 46.5% respectively). For the treatment of syphilis and chancroid, Penicillin was used in 74.7% and Tetracycline group in 77.6% of the cases respectively. In NSU 84.4% were treated with the Tetracycline group of drugs. Only 59.7% of the patients responded well to treatment while in 31.1% the response to treatment was not known. In non gonococcal urithritis, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chancroid good clinical response to treatment was seen in 86.1%, 69.5%, 38.9% and 31.9% of the cases respectively. 83.3% of the patient received health education. In 19.3% of the cases contact tracing was undertaken.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN133b,

title = {An explanatory study on some aspects of diarrhoeal disease in the Mukah District, Sarawak},

author = {Balan K Venugopalan},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN140e,

title = {Analysis of Casualty Attendances on Sundays, District Hospital Klang, 1974},

author = {Gurmit Singh},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This study aims to analyse the casualty attendances to study the existence of any behaviour pattern peculiar to an ethnic group and to study the work load of the casualty department in relation to the severity of disorders which reflect proportional abuse in the usage of casualty services. The medical concepts of various ethnic groups are described. Statistics on attendances are presented. Indians used the facility most although they comprised the lowest population of the three major ethnic groups. A quarter of the attendances may be considered as those abusing the casualty service.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN82l,

title = {Assessment of the knowledge and attitude of AIDS among secondary school students in the municipality of Petaling Jaya},

author = {Chee Kheong Chong},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN145_85,

title = {Carrier-rates in El Tor Cholera},

author = {M Palanicavadan},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The carrier-rate among household contacts of cholera patients was found to be 3.8% for the El Tor cholera outbreak in Penang state. This however was found to be lower than the rates for the household contacts observed in other countries, whose studies have been reviewed. The carrier-rates for household contacts in these countries ranged from 6.2% to 19.5%. There are so many factors that could have contributed to the lower carrier-rate in Penang and all these were enumerated. When the Penang outbreak was compared with the carrier studies in other countries, there were many differences observed, for instance, (i) methodology of investigation, (ii) period of investigation, (iii) household size, (iv) water supply, (v) personal hygiene and (vi) method of excreta disposal. Hence a direct comparison of the carrier-rates for the household contacts could not be made. The carrier-rate is not dependent upon the biotype of the organism but it depends upon the community with which one is dealing. If the household is large, personal hygiene is poor, water supply is no safe, and if unsatisfactory excreta disposal system prevails, then the carrier-rate for the household contacts will be higher than in places where all these factors are not present. The case:carrier ratio was found to be 1:0.3 for Penang state. The highest case:carrier ratio reported in the studies reviewed was 1:4.2. But it was postulated in the WHO mimeographed document that for El Tor cholera the ration can be in the range of 1:25 to 1:100 and no reference was given as to where this figure was obtained. This high ratio is possible only if the mildly asymptomatic carriers were included as asymptomatic carriers. Therefore it is a point of definition. Hence the carrier-rate a better index of infection than the case:carrier ratio which can be very misleading},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN79r,

title = {Certain morbidity experiences among a sample of recruits of Batch 119/89 at the Army Recruit Training Centre, Port Dickson: July-December 1989},

author = {Mohamad Dinon},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN7_71,

title = {Dengue Vector Control Activities in the Health District of Larut and Matang%B Department of Social and Preventive Medicine},

author = {Majid Abu Talib},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This dissertation attempts to assess the dengue vector distribution in the Larut and Matang Health District and the control activities of the health authorities during the period of three years from January 1980 to December 1982. Method: The study utilised data gathered from dengue vector control activities in the districts of Larut and Matang Result: During the period of the study, a total of 40,796 premises were inspected for breeding habitats. Out of this, 1181 (2.9%) of the premises were found to be breeding Aedes larvae. The commonest habitats being ant-traps found indoors and discarded containers like tin cans and jars found outdoors. The only two species of stegomycia found in this district are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. An attempt was made to relate the vector density to rainfall, and breeding was seen to increase during the rainy months of August to October in this district. The incidence of Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is also found to be directly related to the vector density. Conclusion: Dengue is still a serious problem in the districts of Larut and Matang. Prevention of the disease should be directed at vector control activities.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN141j,

title = {Descriptive Study of Mortality in the Malaysian Armed Forces (1971-1973)},

author = {Jeswant Singh},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The overall mortality experience in the Malaysian Armed Forces over the period of study works out to 1.61 per 1000. Leaving out deaths from enemy action the new rate in 1.42 per 1000. Civilian population of males between the ages of 20 and 44 have a rate of 2.8 per 1000 by 1972 figures. This is 1.97 or roughly 2 times the army rate. Of the deaths in the Armed Forces 49.8% were attributable to service factors. These deaths when broken down by month do not show any convincing peak to correspond with any festive occasion or seasonal pattern. Looking at deaths by age at death and length of service it is seen that there is a greater number of service connected deaths in the younger age. 83.2% of service connected deaths are below 10 years of service. It is however not possible to comment on the mortality risk in the various age groups because we do not have the exact figures for the number of personnel in the various age groups. The mortality rate for service connected deaths is highest for the Army and lowest for the Navy. Air force officers have the highest mortality rate whereas Naval other ranks have the lowest rate. When compared with other major units the Territorial Army seems to have the highest mortality rate. At least 89.5% of all deaths in the Malaysian Armed Forces are medically certified. Breakdown of attributable deaths by cause gives the following figures: - Motor vehicle accidents - 31.9% All other accidents and injuries - 47.6% Infectious and other diseases - 13.0% Symptom and ill defined conditions - 4.3% lschaemic heart disease - 2.2% Malignant neoplasms including neoplasm of lymphatic and hemopoetic tissues - 0.7% Total of attributable deaths - 99.9% Some of the following may be considered preventable to some extent:- Motor vehicle accidents	= 31.9% of all attributable deaths Drownings	= 8.7% of all attributable deaths Infectious	= 7.2% of all attributable deaths Firearm accidents	= 5.8% of all attributable death* Cardiovascular diseases contribute 7.9% of all deaths of which 77.3% are deaths due to hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. In the Armed Forces there are about 2.8 times more deaths from motor vehicle accidents compared with the civilian male between age group 20 and 44 and about 2.4 times more deaths from violence.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN770,

title = {Determinants of Treatment Defaulting among Tuberculosis Patients at the Respiratory Institute, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia},

author = {Ahmed Osman Ahmed Ali},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

urldate = {1999-01-01},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN16_310,

title = {Disease Pattern and Bed Utilization in Special Care Nursery, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur},

author = {Krishnan Revathi},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: To determine the disease pattern of admissions and utilization of beds in the Special Care Nursery, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur over a two and a half month period from lst November 1984 to 16th January 1985. Method: Data from the Special Care Nursery, University Hospital were analysed. Result: 24.4% of the babies were preterm in gestation while 37.4% of the babies had low birth weights. About 31% of the babies were born to mothers who were unbooked. These mothers had a significantly higher incidence of low birth weights (63,2%) compared to booked mothers (25.9%). Mild to moderate and severe asphyxia neonatorum were observed in 19.5% and 12.2% of the babies respectively. Hyaline membrane disease, pneumonia and transient tachypnoea were the commonest causes of respiratory distress. 28.4% of babies had infections, with septicaemia and pneumonia being the commonest manifestations.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN166_89,

title = {Epidemiology of some recent typhoid outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia},

author = {Karam Singh},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {A study of three typhoid outbreaks, which occurred during the last two years, in the country is presented. The choice of areas had been such that it included both urban and rural parts of the country. In Muar the outbreak in Sagil New Village was purely in a rural area, while in Sentul it is urban in nature. Typhoid outbreak in Kota Bahru district was more widespread and covered both urban and rural areas of the district. The study has been based on available date collected from various sources. It was observed that the overall incidence, based on notification, in West Malaysia range from 9.8/100,000 to 19.4/100,000 during an eleven year period from 1967 to 1977. Although such a long space of time was taken into consideration no definite seasonal variation was actually evident. None of the outbreaks discussed originated from a common source. In each case there had been a gradual increase in the incidence, reaching a peak and then falling more or less abruptly. This sudden fall could be attributed to various preventive measures put into operation during the outbreak. In none of the outbreaks was the real source actually identified. In the case of Kota Bahru, however, there was significant relationship between the outbreak and the poor sanitary conditions prevailing in the district. A high percentage of confirmed cases (77%) consumed raw and untreated water and at least a third did not have any sort of proper latrine for their use. It was observed that the incidence was slightly higher amongst the females than the males. There were 55% confirmed female cases as compared to 45% male cases. This could be due to a more outdoor life and responsible part the female plays in the family. As observed, the maximum number of cases occurred in the ages between 5 and 29 and the main susceptible single group of population was the school children.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN146_29,

title = {Infant Feeding Practices in the ANP Project Area, Telok Datok, Kuala Langat},

author = {Hj Salleh Mohd Omar},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This is a survey of breast-feeding practices and the introduction of supplementary foods among malay infants in the Applied Nutrition Programme pilot scheme in Kuala Langat. After an introduction to the pathology of malnutrition, the author described the nutritional status in Malaysia and the applied nutrition programme. The result of the survey was discussed and suggestions made.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN10d,

title = {Knowledge and Attitudes to Tuberculosis amongst Health Workers and Tuberculosis Patients},

author = {Festus Pawa},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study was carried out to determine the knowledge and attitudes of patients and health workers to tuberculosis. Result: Education level was found to affect the attitudes to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis tends to be more common in the lower socioeconomic groups. Age, religion and race do not seem to affect the attitudes towards tuberculosis. A high proportion of the patients do not seem to understand well, the natural history of tuberculosis, especially factories such as transmission where 49.0% did not know how the disease is transmitted. On the treatment of tuberculosis, majority 88.7% of the patients believed that it can be cured. Similarly, a high percentage said that patients should be treated in hospitals (contrary to health departments efforts in promoting domiciliary care). Conclusion: Knowledge of tuberculosis is high among patients and health care providers. Nevertheless, more needs to be done to change people's perception regarding the mode of treatment.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN19b,

title = {Nutritional Assessment of Malay Settlers in a Land Development Scheme in Ulu Tebrau, Johore},

author = {Abdul Hamid Maimunah},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN88k,

title = {Nutritional assessment of primary schoolchildren in Kemaman district, Trengganu Darul Iman},

author = {Abdullah Che Mohd Shabri},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This study aims to assess the nutritional characteristics of primary schoolchildren in a rural setting. Method: A total of 482 standard-six schoolchildren in Kemaman District, Terengganu Darul Iman were studied. All of them were from ten primary schools that had been selected randomly from 34 primary schools in the district. About 78% of them were Malays and the rest were Chinese. Information on the aetiological factors were collected using guided questionnaires. Their weights were measured by a SECA platform beam balance and their heights by a microtoise. Harvard Standards were used as a standard of reference. Result: The results show that malnutrition is still a problem in the district. The Malay students had a higher percentage of malnutrition (75%) compared to the Chinese (46.7%). About two thirds of the malnutrition in both ethnic groups was due to past malnutrition. Among the Malay students, household size, live sibling, educational status of parents and income per capita seem to have an effect on the prevalence of wasting. Whereas for the Chinese students, the relationship between the various socioeconomic characteristics and wasting was not so clear cut. In terms of environmental sanitation, more of the Chinese students had access to safe water supply than the Malay. A larger percentage of the Chinese students consumed vegetables and fruits frequently and had breakfast at home than the Malays. More of the Malay students spent their pocket money on junk food, said that they practiced food taboos during illness, avoided a larger number of foods during illness and gave more reasons for the practice as compared to the Chinese.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN144_80,

title = {Research Needs and Priorities in Filariasis in Malaysia},

author = {Joon Wah Mak},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The author discussed research projects in filiariasis and prioritized them in the context of present status of the disease and the political and socio-economic position of Malaysia. He started with a review of the history of filiariasis in Malaysia and previous research. He then address the issues of problems in conducting research especially that on transmission of the disease with the rapid socio-economic changes in the country. A comprehensive report of transmission, distribution, survey techniques, control measures, treatment, vectors, immunology and pathology of the infection follows. The author ended by listing the research priorities.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN4c,

title = {Review of Aircraft Accidents in the Royal Malaysian Air Force, 1972-81 and a Preliminary Study of self-imposed stress among a sample of pilots},

author = {Meer Ahmed},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The aim was to analyse aircraft accidents from RMAF records from 1972-81 and to correlate the habits of RMAF pilots with thir personal accident-rating. Method: An epidemiological study was done in two parts: the first part involved compiling and analysing records concerning accidents to aircraft in flight occurring in the RMAF for the period 1972~81; the second part of the study was a questionnaire study attempting to correlate the habits of a sample of pilots in the RMAF with their personal accident-rating. Result: There were a total of 109 accidents occurring during flight and taxiing. Accident rates in the RMAF showed an increasing trend during that period. Major accident rates and fatal accident rates in the RMAF for the period 1977~81 were much higher than that experienced by the U.S. Air Force currently and approximate those experienced by the U.S. Air Force in the 1950's. Helicopters, by far, were the most common type of aircraft involved, followed by fixed-wing jet-fighters and the largest number of accidents, by far, occurred during training missions. “Pilot error" was found to be commonest causative factor of the accidents. "Pilot-error" as a causative factor occurred more frequently among rotary-wing aircraft. There was increased incidence of aircraft accidents during the Muslim fasting month compared to the non-fasting month. Risk factors in aircraft accident causation in the RMAF were flying within 18-hours of having consumed alcohol, inadequate sleep, in control of an aircraft while fasting and in control of an aircraft without food for the preceding 10-hours. Conclusion: There was an increasing rate of aircraft accidents in the RMAF from 1977-81. The most common aircraft involved were helicopters. Pilot error was the most common causative factor.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN2f,

title = {Sarawak Tuberculosis Control Programme: A Ten Year Review (1973-1982)},

author = {Suhaily Mohamad Raily},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: This dissertation aims to study the trend of tuberculosis in the State during the second decade since the inception of the Tuberculosis Control Programme in Sarawak as well as to review the performance of the three main components of the programme within that same period that is, 1973 - 1982. Introduction (if necessary): Method: This study was carried out by going through the records that are kept in the headquarters of Sarawak Tuberculosis Control Programme situated at the ATAS Building in Kuching. The records of a total of 382 TB patients seen in Kuching Chest Clinic for the whole of 1982 were studied. Result: This study reveals that during the ten year period between 1973 and 1982, the reported TB cases have been maintained below one per 1,000 population. In 1973 the number of bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis cases reported was 0.97 per 1,000 population whereas in 1982 the rate dropped to 0.82 per 1,000 population. The first decade of this Control Programme showed a sharper decline compared to this. Racial distribution of the cases does not exactly follow the racial distribution in the general population. The highest number of cases are reported among the Dayaks, followed by the Malays and the Chinese in that order. Vaccination coverage among the newborn has been maintained at over 90% during this period. Those who sought treatment regularly among the ten cohorts (1970 - 1980 cohorts) analysed is consistently below 80%. The rate of abandonment is quite high that is, 10.0%. The sputum conversion rate among these same cohorts are well below 80%. The mortality among those cohorts shows an improving trend. The study of presenting symptoms among 382 TB patients seen at Kuching Chest Clinic reveals that the majority of patients (91.8%) present with cough. 83.2% of the cases gave a history of multiple symptoms, including cough. Only 22 or 8.5% of the records reveal a history of only one symptom, namely cough. Of these cases 73.9% have moderately advanced chest x-ray findings and 20.3% have far advanced lesions. Conclusion: The incidence rate of TB has declined over the years. However, more work needs to be done to reduce defaulter rates among those infected by the disease. Most patients present with moderate or advanced TB.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN76l,

title = {Socio-cultural factors influencing the utilization of maternal and child health services among the orang Asli in resettlement areas, Bentong district, Pahang Darul Makmur},

author = {Mohd Taibi Hj Muhd Khairi},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN157_64,

title = {Some Aspects of the Nutritional Status of Temiar in Kemar},

author = {Theam Eng Khoo},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {This study, carried out in November \textendash December 1976, was aimed at assessing the nutritional status of the Temiar in Ulu Perak. The results showed a 2.7% prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) and 24.7% prevalence of anaemia among the below fives. Anthropometry detected presence of acute (prevalence rate 11.4-21.7%) and chronic PCM (28.6% prevalence) in the same age group. Prevalence of anaemia ranged from a low of 33.7% among adult non-pregnant, non-lactating women to a high of 57.1% among pregnant adult females. Most of the households had primary dietary inadequacy of 4 or more nutrients. Food choice was dictated by numerous food taboos and practices.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN85k,

title = {Some factors which may influence the occurrence of childhood diarrhoea in a Malay community in Kelantan},

author = {Syed Abu Bakar Sharifah Rohani},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN1_896,

title = {Study of Socio-cultural Aspects of Diarrhoeal Diseases in a Malay and an Indian Community},

author = {S K Akhtar Ahmad},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The aim of the study is to look into the sociocultural aspects of diarrhoeal diseases in a Malay and an Indian community 

 

Introduction (if necessary): Diarrhoea was understood by most of the respondents in both the communities as frequent passage of watery stools with or without vomiting. Among both the Malays and Indians, physical causes such as food are believed to be the commonest cause of diarrhoea. Biological causes were also mostly recognized though the idea of bacteria was not clear. 

 

Method: The study was carried out in two villages of Kuala Langat district in the State of Selangor from 5th December 1983 to 17th December 1983. Two samples of 66 Malay and 54 Indian households were surveyed using questionnaires. The interviews were carried out by author with the help of two interpreters. Other sources of information were the village headman and the officer in-charge of the health subcentre. 

 

Result: 62.1% of the Malays and 77.8% of the Indians choose the hospital or clinic for the treatment of diarrhoea. Restriction of food or giving special food to persons with diarrhoea were practised by 47.0% of Malays and 63.0% of Indians. Withholding of breast-feeding from children with diarrhoea were practised by 27.3% of the Malays and 42.6% of the Indians. Older households had tendency to withhold breast-feeding from children with diarrhoea (p < 0.01 in Malay households and p < 0.02 in Indian households). The vast majority of households both Malays (95.4%) and Indians (96.3%) did not know about oral rehydration salts. Malay households who had education above primary level or with higher income had a tendency to use pour-flush latrines (p < 0.05) while in Indian households no such association has been found. Major problems mentioned by the communities were lack of pipe water supply, improper disposal of refuse and poor drainage system. 

 

Conclusion: Most Malays and Indians choose to go for modern medicine in the treatment of diarrhoea. However socio-cultural aspects are still important factors in these two communities.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN81q,

title = {Survey of measles knowledge, attitudes and practices among mothers in Kulim district Kedah Darulaman 1989},

author = {Ahmad Jamaluddin},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Objective: The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of mothers towards measles and measles immunisation. Method: This is a cross-sectional survey on one aspect out of the multiple factors that could account for the low coverage of measles immunisation in Kulim district, Kedah. The aspect chosen was the knowledge, attitudes and practices among the mothers residing in the district. The survey was carried out by selecting a a multi-stage sampling procedure in which 200 households were obtained among the 8324 households. The data were obtained by interview using a structured questionnaire and these were compiled, processed using a microcomputer and statistical package EPI-INFO software. Result: This survey revealed that mothers have good knowledge about measles and its immunisation, though some aspects of it were lacking. Majority of them obtained them through interpersonal communication either from the health staff via health education programmes or from parents and neighbour. The age-group and parity of the mothers does not influenced the level of knowledge about the disease. However, this survey showed that Malay mothers and those being housewives have a higher level of knowledge. The majority of the mothers have good attitude towards the immunisation. They agreed that immunisation was useful to their children in protecting against infection. As the seeking of treatment is concerned, majority of the mothers preferred modern treatment, but still a moderate proportion would rather seek traditional treatment. The sociocultural factors could be an important determinant in the acceptance of the modern treatment to some extent in this community. Conclusion: From this study it is strongly shown that knowledge, attitude and practices do not seem to be a major factor responsible for the low measles immunisation coverage in the disrtict. Therefore further survey should be carried out to look at other factors simultaneously so that a rational approah to improve the coverage can be planned for this district.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN159_36,

title = {The Impact of an Environmental Sanitation Programme on a Bidayuh Community},

author = {Patau Rubis},

year  = {1977},

date = {1977-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {Bidayuh kampongs. The assessment A two-week's study was carried out to assess the impact of a rural sanitation programme, locally known as RHIS, on two was made on a comparative basis between a kampong with the programme, kampong A, and the other without it, kampong B, on the following indices - worm infection rates, morbidity and mortality statistics and nutritional status. The only significant difference noted was in the worm infection rates. Hookworm infection rate was significantly higher in the kampong A (30.9%) while in kampong B, the rate was only 17.1% (Chi-square = 7.9162Df = 1, 0.01 > p > 0. 001). The infection rate f or roundworm was however significantly lower at 74.8% while the other was 85.4% (Chi-square2 = 5.3131},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN119b,

title = {The outpatient service utilisation pattern of Rumah Suring, Sarawak before and after the interaction of village health representative},

author = {Mansoor Faisal},

year  = {1991},

date = {1991-01-01},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN139g,

title = {Three year review of all registered diabetic patients and the study of knowledge and practice of 255 diabetic attendees of the diabetic clinic in General Hospital, Kelang 1992},

author = {Ganason Thavamalaar},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN769,

title = {Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Predictors of Childhood Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia},

author = {Abdel Latif Mohamed El-Amin},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

urldate = {1999-01-01},

address = {Kuala Lumpur},

school = {Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

note = {Master of Public Health (Epidemiology)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}

@mastersthesis{RN156_99,

title = {Triple Antigen Immunization in Infants in two Clinics in Penang in 1974},

author = {Swee Keat Ngiam},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-01-01},

school = {Department of SPM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya},

abstract = {The objectives are to determine the percentage of infants who received the full course of triple antigen immunization, to determine the reasons for failure to complete the full course of immunization, and to determine the association between the status of immunization and ethnic group, age of infant, income of parents and level of education of father. 79.2% of selected infants received the full course of immunization. Reasons for failure to complete the course were chronic ill-health, change of residence and adverse reactions to the injection. There is no significant association between immunization status and ethnic group as well as and income of parents. There was significant association between immunization status and age of infant as well as level of education of the father.},

note = {Master of Public Health},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {mastersthesis}

}